Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Subal C. Kumbhakar Gudbrand LienSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Venche Talgø G. Chastagner I. M. Thomsen T. Cech K. Riley K. Lange Sonja Klemsdal Arne StensvandSammendrag
Current season needle necrosis (CSNN) has been a serious foliage disorder on true fir Christmas trees and bough material in Europe and North America for more than 25 y. Approximately 2-4 weeks after bud break, needles develop chlorotic spots or bands that later turn necrotic. The symptoms have been observed on noble fir (Abies procera), Nordmann fir (A. nordmanniana) and grand fir (A. grandis) on both continents. CSNN was reported as a physiological disorder with unknown aetiology from USA, Denmark, and Ireland, but was associated with the fungus Kabatina abietis in Germany, Austria and Norway. In 2007, a fungus that morphologically resembled K. abietis was isolated from symptomatic needle samples from Nordmann fir from Austria, Denmark, Germany, Norway, and USA. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA of these cultures, plus a K. abietis reference culture from Germany (CBS 248.93), resulted in Hormonema dematioides, the imperfect stage of Sydowia polyspora, and thus the taxonomy is further discussed. Inoculation tests on Nordmann fir seedlings and transplants with isolates of S. polyspora from all five countries resulted in the development of CSNN symptoms. In 2009, S. polyspora was also isolated from symptomatic needles from Nordmann fir collected in Slovakia. (c) 2010 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Forfattere
Aldo Marchetto Rosario Mosello Gabriele A. Tartari Kirsti Derome Nils König Nicholas Clarke Anna KowalskaSammendrag
A second Working Ring Test (WRT) was organised within the framework of the EU/Life+ FutMon Project (`Further Development and Implementation of an EU-level Forest Monitoring System`, LIFE07 ENV/D/000218), to evaluate the overall performance of the laboratories responsible for analysing atmospheric deposition and soil solution samples in European forests, and to verify improvements in the analytical quality resulting from the QA/QC work carried out in the laboratories which participated in previous WRTs organized in the framework of the UN/ECE ICP Forests Monitoring Programme. The WRT was carried out in accordance with International ISO and ILAG guide proficiency test both for sample preparation and numerical elaboration of the results. Five natural atmospheric deposition and soil solution samples and 3 synthetic solutions were distributed to 42 laboratories for analysis using their routine methods for the following variables: pH, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, sulphate, nitrate, chloride, total alkalinity, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Two tolerable limits were defined for each variable on the basis of the measured value, the results of previous WRTs, a comparison with the Data Quality Objectives of other international networks, and the importance of the variable in deposition and soil solution monitoring. In the ring test 12% of the results from all the laboratories did not fall within the tolerable limits. This enabled us to identify those variables and laboratories for which improvements in analytical performance are required. The results of the exercise clearly show that the use of data check procedures, as described in the ICP Forests manual for sampling and analysis of atmospheric deposition, makes it possible to detect the presence of inaccurate or outlying results, and would therefore greatly improve the overall performance of the laboratories. A discussion of the improvement of the results in this WRT compared to the previous WRTs is also included, showing a relevant improvent for several variables and underlining the importance of participating to these exercises for the overall analytical quality of the monitoring network.
Forfattere
Øyvind Johan Korsøen Tim Dempster Jan Erik Fosseidengen Anders Fernø Einar Heegaard Tore S KristiansenSammendrag
Farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) are occasionally exposed to buoyancy changes in sea-cages, through lifting or lowering of cage nets. Physiological processes regulate the level of gas in the closed swim bladders of cod and thus the ability of cod to control their buoyancy. Rapid net lifting may cause positive buoyancy, leading to barotrauma, while net lowering may lead to negative buoyancy and alter cod behaviours. We tested how groups of farmed cod responded immediately after lifting events from 5 different start depths equivalent to 40% pressure reductions, and how long they took to return to pre-lifting pressure levels. In addition, we tested immediate responses and recovery times to cage lowering events equivalent to 100– 300% pressure increases. Trials were conducted with 100 cod of 1.1–1.7 kg in a 63 m3 sea-cage at the lower (5 °C) and upper (16 °C) water temperature limits experienced during culture. Swimming behaviours were measured at fixed intervals before and after cage lifting or lowering, and a feeding test was used to assess appetite. In general, lifting events increased swimming speeds 1.5–4 times and tail beats 2–3 times and fish swam with an average −14° head-down angle, indicating positive buoyancy. The depth before lifting affected the immediate response as the fish became more active after lifting events from shallow compared to deeper depths. Appetite levels decreased for about 2 h after cage lifting, independent of temperature or start depth. The overall recovery time of 8 h after lifting did not depend upon start depth or temperature. Lowering events appeared to cause negative buoyancy. Swimming speeds (1.3–2.3 times) and tail beat frequencies (1.4–2.3 times) increased immediately after cage lowering, and cod swam with an average 30° head-up swimming angle. Neither pressure level nor temperature affected this immediate response. Time to recover to neutral buoyancy for 300% pressure increases took 42–90 h, but only 18–34 h for 100% pressure increases. We conclude that a 40% pressure reduction is an upper limit for lifts of healthy farmed cod. Secondary lifts should not be done until at least 10 h after the first lift. Cage lowering should be done slowly to avoid potentially stressful crowding of negatively buoyant fish on the cage bottom, especially at low temperatures.
Forfattere
Igor A. Yakovlev Carl Gunnar Fossdal Øystein JohnsenSammendrag
Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) displays a temperature-dependent epigenetic memory from the time of embryo development, which thereafter influences the timing of bud phenology. As a first step toward unravelling the molecular mechanism behind an epigenetic memory, transcriptional analysis was performed on seedlings from seeds of six full-sib families produced under cold (CE) and warm (WE) embryogenesis temperature regimes. We prepared two suppressive subtracted cDNA libraries, representing genes predominantly expressed after bud set induction in plants from seeds obtained after CE and WE embryogenesis. Sequencing and annotation revealed considerable differences in the transcriptome of WE and CE seedlings. We studied the expression patterns of 32 selected candidate genes using qRT-PCR. Five genes, two transposon-related genes and three with no matching sequence in databases showed differential expression in progeny from CE and WE correlated with family differences. Another step was to study microRNAs (miRNAs), which are endogenous small RNAs exerting epigenetic gene regulatory effects. We tested for their presence and differential expression. We then prepared concatemerized small RNA libraries from seedlings of two fullsib families, originated from seeds developed in a cold or a warm environment. One family showed distinct epigenetic effects whilst the other did not. Sequencing identified 24 novel and 4 conserved miRNAs. Further search and screening of the conserved miRNAs confirmed the presence of 17 additional miRNAs. Most of the miRNAs were targeted to unknown genes. The expression of seven conserved and nine novel miRNAs showed significant differences in transcript levels in the full-sib family showing distinct epigenetic difference in bud set, but not in the non-responding full-sib family. The differential expression of specific miRNAs indicates their putative participation in epigenetic regulation. Putative miRNA targets were studied. These findings may contribute to our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying adaptive changes acquired during embryogenesis in Norway spruce.
Forfattere
Anne-Grete Roer HjelkremSammendrag
Abstract The thesis is about quantification of uncertainties in complex models. Models are built to describe, explain or predict a real world outcome. It is well known that models are related with uncertainty, and that uncertainties are related to how close the simulation is to the real world outcome. Still, uncertainties are rarely quantified in dynamic models. We have focused on parameter uncertainty and output uncertainty derived from the parameters. Uncertainty originated from the empirical data is integrated into the posterior parameter distributions through the likelihood functions. Additionally, uncertainty related to the representativeness of the collected data to the population has been focused. The Bayesian statistical framework, with the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm random walk Metropolis was used for model calibration in the four papers. The algorithm was found simple in idea and implementation into the computer program Matlab, but challenges emerged when the method was used at complex models. In this work these challenges have been pursued together with searching for efficiency improvements in order to make as few model evaluations as possible. Paper I: explores the challenges emerging when applying Bayesian calibration to a complex deterministic dynamic model of snow depth. How prior information and new data affect the calibration process, the parameter estimates and model outputs were demonstrated. Parameter uncertainty and model uncertainty derived from the parameters were quantified, visualized and assessed. The random walk Metropolis algorithm was used and in order to reach convergence more effectively, informative priors, Sivias" likelihood, reflection at the prior boundaries and updating the proposal distribution with parts of the data gave successful results. Methods for objective and correct determination of Markov chain convergence were studied, and the use of multiple chains and the Gelman-Rubin method was found useful. Paper II: presents a dynamic model for snow cover, soil frost and surface ice. The Bayesian approach was used for model calibration and sensitivity analysis identified the non-important parameters. Paper III: shows the importance of splitting the data several times in two for model development and assessment/selection, for the model to fit well to novel data from the system and not only to the specific data at hand. Different models of ascospore maturity of Venturia inaequalis were further developed and compared by the deviance information criterion and root mean square error of prediction to show model improvements, and the analysis of variance was used to show significance of the improvements. Paper IV: examines the potential effects of selection of likelihood function when calibration a model. Since the likelihood function is rarely known for certain, but gives a reasonable quantification of how probable the data are given model outcome, it is of great importance to quantify the effect of using different likelihood functions on parameter uncertainty and on model output uncertainty derived from the parameters.
Sammendrag
Transport and turnover of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is important in the C cycle of organic soils. The concentration of DOC in soil water is buffered by adsorption to the soil matrix, and has been hypothesized to depend on the pool size of adsorbed DOC. We have studied the effect of frequent artificial excessive leaching events on concentration and flux of DOC in shallow, organic rich mountain soils. Assuming a constant Kd value for DOC adsorption to the soil matrix, we used these data to assess the change in the pool of adsorbed (or potential) DOC in the soil. The study involved manipulation of precipitation amount and frequency in summer and autumn in small, heathland catchments at Storgama, southern Norway. The shallow soils (16-34 cm deep on average) limit the possibility for changes in water flow paths during events. The mini-catchments range in size from 75 to 98 m(2). Our data show that after leaching of about 1.2 g DOC m(-2) the DOC concentration in runoff declines by approximately 50%. From this we conclude that the pool size of adsorbed potential DOC in the shallow soils at any time is of the order 2-3 g m(-2). Frequent episodes suggest that the replenishment rate, which depends on the decomposition rate of soil organic matter, is fast and the potential DOC pool could be fully restored probably within days during summer, but with some more time required in autumn, due to lower temperatures. Both pool size of potential DOC and replenishment rate are seasonally dependent. The pool of potential DOC, and thus the DOC concentration in discharge, is at their maximum in the growing season. However, under non-leaching conditions, the concentration of DOC in soil water and thus the pool size of potential DOC seems to level off, possibly due to conversion of DOC to less reversibly bound forms, or to further decomposition to CO2.
Forfattere
Miroslav Matucha Nicholas Clarke Zora Lachmanová Sandor T. Forczek Květoslava Fuksová Milan GryndlerSammendrag
Chlorine - one of the most widespread elements on the Earth - is present in the environment as chloride ion or bound to organic substances. The main source of chloride ions is the oceans while organically bound chlorine (OCl) comes from various sources, including anthropogenic ones. Chlorinated organic compounds were long considered to be only industrial products; nevertheless, organochlorines occur plentifully in natural ecosystems. However, recent investigations in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems have shown them to be products of biodegradation of soil organic matter under participation of chlorine. It is important to understand both the inorganic and organic biogeochemical cycling of chlorine in order to understand processes in the forest ecosystem and dangers as a result of human activities, i.e. emission and deposition of anthropogenic chlorinated compounds as well as those from natural processes. The minireview presented below provides a survey of contemporary knowledge of the state of the art and a basis for investigations of formation and degradation of organochlorines and monitoring of chloride and organochlorines in forest ecosystems, which has not been carried out in the Czech Republic yet.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Protected Landscapes (PLs) are increasingly used in Norway to conserve cultural (human modified) landscapes. In many cases the maintenance of agricultural activities in PLs is required to preserve landscape character. Whilst research exists on land conservation policies in general, the particular effects of PL on management and adjustment of the farms involved have not received attention in the literature. We present results from a questionnaire sent to owners of agricultural land within PLs in Norway. Whilst landowners were divided upon the effects of PLs on farm management, the economic situation of the farm was little affected. Furthermore, changes in farm management after the establishment of a PL did not seem to have been driven by the establishment of the PLs per se. Most importantly, farm management changes were related to potential options to develop the farm and its land. A statistical model showed that PL-farms did not differ significantly from farms outside PL in the development of their land use or animal husbandry. Our findings thus indicate that the establishment of PL played a minor role as a driving force of changes in farm management and farm income.