Geir Wæhler Gustavsen
Forsker
(+47) 922 64 053
geir.gustavsen@nibio.no
Sted
Ås - Bygg O43
Besøksadresse
Oluf Thesens vei 43, 1433 Ås (Varelevering: Elizabeth Stephansens vei 23)
Sammendrag
Rapporten inneholder ei sammenstilling av kunnskap om status for miljømessig, økonomisk og sosial bærekraft i norsk jordbruksproduksjon og er svar på et oppdrag som NIBIO fikk fra Landbruks- og matdepartementet i november 2022. Bærekraft er operasjonalisert som jordbrukets evne til å vedvare. Det bestemmes igjen av om det drives på en måte som ikke kommer i konflikt med seg sjøl og sitt eget produksjonsgrunnlag og heller ikke med livsvilkår og ressurser for mennesker og hensyn til naturmiljøet utenfor sektoren. Det er også forutsatt at norsk jordbruk skal levere goder og tjenester i tråd med mål fastlagt i norsk landbrukspolitikk. Dette betyr ikke at konservering av status er et mål. Det kan tvert imot være slik at endringer nettopp er en avgjørende forutsetning for at jordbruket i Norge kan bestå og levere godt i all framtid. Dette skal analyseres i en etterfølgende del 2 av oppdraget. Hovedpunkt fra gjennomgangen av kunnskapskilder og ei sluttvurdering av status for bærekraft finnes i et sammendrag sist i rapporten.
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The SiEUGreen project was implemented to enhance the EU-China cooperation in promoting urban agriculture (UA) for food security, resource efficiency and smart, resilient cities through the development of showcases in selected European and Chinese urban and peri-urban areas. In the last four years, SiEUGreen project assembled numerous existing and/or unexploited technologies for the first time to facilitate the development of the state-of-the-art UA model. In light of this, there is natural interest in whether SiEUGreen’s efforts resulted in meaningful impacts. Hence, the objective of this report is to determine the multi-dimensional impacts of the showcases developed and implemented by the SiEUGreen project. The analysis of the impact of the technologies or showcases implemented by the SIEUGreen mainly relies on the data obtained from other relevant tasks and deliverables within the project (e.g., showcase deployment, market analysis, and deliverables related to technology deployment). The willingness to pay studies use NIBIO’s existing data from a contingent valuation survey for willingness to pay of Oslo residents towards food produced using the target technologies. The report is presented as follows: • Section 2 gives an overview of the implementation status of the SiEUGreen technologies with the current technology readiness levels (TRLs); • Section 3 discusses the impacts in terms of land use, food security, environmental resilience and resource efficiency, and societal inclusion; • Section 4 focuses on willingness to pay studies for UA-related technologies; • Section 5 discusses the results and impact pathways; and • Section 6 provides the lessons learned and recommendations. Overall, our assessment indicates that SiEUGreen has provided a wide-ranging array of impacts in multiple dimensions: land-use, food security, environmental resilience and resource efficiency, and societal inclusion.
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Climate policies may have adverse geographically unequal socio-economic impacts that, if left unaddressed, may hamper their implementation. This paper examines factors explaining rural-urban perceptions of the effects of climate policy on agriculture and rural areas. The paper adds to current knowledge by jointly analysing socio-economic factors and factors describing the distinct role geographical locations play in shaping these perceptions. We conduct a novel statistical analysis utilising a large preference survey of the Norwegian adult population spatially matched at the municipality level with indexes capturing centrality and the relative importance, and, hence, vulnerability of agriculture to effects of climate change. Our analysis does not identify a principal conflict between the goals of climate policy, rural policy, and agricultural policy across geographical locations. Conflicts along the rural-urban gradient arise around the priority given to the three policy areas, and the concrete impact of climate mitigation measures on rural areas. Centrality more than agricultural properties explains the formation of resistance to policies. The policy process should therefore acknowledge rural concerns, and climate mitigation options should be more carefully designed to avoid further rural-urban polarisation.
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Since the world’s population is increasing, alternative food sources must be tapped. Although algae have a high potential to become a part of our diets due to their favorable nutritional properties, there is a little information on the willingness of consumers in Norway to try algae-made foods. In this paper we used a Norwegian survey to address this question. We constructed an order logistic regression model and predicted conditional probabilities to try algae food. The results show that among the most important aspect for willingness to try food with algae is age, health conscientiousness, and environmental attitudes.
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Forfattere
Christian Brischke Richard Acquah Tolgay Akkurt Per Otto Flæte Eva Frühwald Hansson Geir Wæhler Gustavsen Hasan Hosseini Targo Kalamees Jaan Kers Villu Kukk Roja Modaresi Jonas Niklewski Anna Sandak Jakub Sandak Philip van NiekerkSammendrag
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The demand for meat products is rising globally. A potential substitute for meat is synthetic meat, meat produce d in the laboratory. Synthetic meat is not in the market yet due to high production costs and regulatory issues, but it will probably be available during the next decade. If cheap and popular it may crowd out the demand and production of farmed meat and herby affect farmers income. In this study we have used data from a choice experiment in Norway to construct price and income elasticities for synthetic meat with three different assumptions. The data shows that half of the population does not accept synthetic meat. They will not buy it whatever the price. The own-price elasticities were estimated to be in the interval [-0.47,-0.08] and the cross-price elasticities were in the interval [0.09,0.40]. The income elasticities were all close to 0. If these elasticities were valid in a situation in which synthetic meat is available on the market, we could infer that the market for synthetic meat is limited.
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Gry Alfredsen Christian Brischke Richard Acquah Tolgay Akkurt Per Otto Flæte Eva Frühwald Hansson Geir Wæhler Gustavsen Hasan Hosseini Targo Kalamees Jaan Kers Villu Kukk Roja Modaresi Jonas Niklewski Anna Sandak Sandak Jakub Philip van NiekerkSammendrag
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Atle Wehn Hegnes Geir Wæhler Gustavsen Bianca Cavicchi Amandeep Kaur Bhatti Petter D. JenssenSammendrag
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Geir Wæhler Gustavsen Helge Berglann Elisabeth Jenssen Signe Kårstad Divina Gracia P. RodriguezSammendrag
Urban agriculture is increasingly recognized as an important sustainable pathway for climate change adaptation and mitigation, for building more resilient cities, and for citizens’ health. Urban agriculture systems appear in many forms – both commercial and non-commercial. The value of the services derived from urban agriculture, e.g., enhanced food security, air quality, water regulation, and high level of biodiversity, is often difficult to quantify to inform policymakers and the general public in their decision making. We perform a contingent valuation survey of four different types of urban agriculture Where the citizens of Oslo are asked about their attitudes and willingness to pay non-commercial (urban community gardens and urban gardens for work training, education and kindergartens) and for commercial (i.e. aquaponics and vertical production) forms of urban agriculture. Results show that the citizens of Oslo are willing to increase their tax payments to contribute to further development of urban farming in Oslo.
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
This paper analyses the frequency of the consumption of table potatoes in Norway. The analysis shows that the frequency of potato consumption is higher in older cohorts than in younger, and it declines over the life cycle. This indicates that the total consumption will continue to decrease as older potato eating cohorts are replaced with younger cohorts who eat potatoes less frequently. This is bad for food security, it is bad for nutritional health and it is bad for the environment. It is argued that nutritional and environmental organizations should work together to increase the status of the potato.
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Geir Wæhler Gustavsen Helge Berglann Elisabeth Jenssen Signe Kårstad Divina Gracia P. RodriguezSammendrag
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Geir Wæhler Gustavsen Helge Berglann Elisabeth Jenssen Signe Kårstad Divina Gracia P. RodriguezSammendrag
Urban agriculture is increasingly recognized as an important sustainable pathway for climate change adaptation and mitigation, for building more resilient cities, and for citizens’ health. Urban agriculture systems appear in many forms – both commercial and non-commercial. The value of the services derived from urban agriculture, e.g. enhanced food security, air quality, water regulation, and high level of biodiversity, is often difficult to quantify to inform policymakers and the general public in their decision making. We perform a contingent valuation survey regarding four different types of urban agriculture in Oslo. The citizens of Oslo are asked about their attitudes and willingness to pay for non-commercial and commercial urban agriculture. The non-commercial agriculture consists of urban community gardens for the citizens and urban gardens for work training, education and kindergartens. On the other hand, the commercial urban agriculture consists of aquaponics and vertical production. Results show that the citizens of Oslo are willing to increase their tax payments to contribute to further development of urban farming in Oslo. Keywords: Willingness to pay; community garden; aquaponics; vertical farming; Oslo
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In studies of consumption of local food specialties (LFSs), individual personalities are rarely mentioned. In this article, we want to expand on and provide a nuanced explanation of the characteristics of these consumers of these products, asking: Are there any personality traits that characterize these consumers? We use the Big Five personality model to unpack the relationship between individuals' personalities and choices of LFS in the Norwegian context. The model consists of the following five personal traits: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. These personality traits are latent, but through questions regarding behavior, the traits may be revealed. To construct latent variables to measure these traits, we apply the graded response model. Furthermore, socioeconomic variables are combined with personality traits in logistic regression models to find the relationships between personality and choice of Norwegian LFSs. Our results show that in all models the latent variable Openness to experience was one of the most important predictors of all the choices of LFS made by individuals. Openness to experience is characterized by fantasy, aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety, and intellectual curiosity. The consequence of the connection between Openness to experience and LFS is that stakeholders may take this into account when seeking to increase sales.
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Meat demand is likely influenced by the birth cohort and age of the individual. In this study, we examine the demand for beef, pork, poultry, and other meat in the United States using the 1984–2012 Consumer Expenditure Survey and the almost ideal demand system with the incorporation of age, period, and cohort (APC) effects. We find that the model with APC effects performs better than the models without APC effects. The results indicate that cohorts born in earlier time periods are expected to purchase significantly less poultry compared to cohorts born in later time periods, when they are measured at the same age. Over the life cycle, purchase of poultry is expected to increase with age while the opposite is true for red meat. We also find that the own‐price elasticity for beef is highest among the products examined, while the own‐price elasticity for other meat is lowest and the inclusion of APC effects increases the absolute value of the own‐price elasticities for beef, pork, and poultry, but reduces the own‐price elasticity for other meat. Our forecasts indicate that the aggregate poultry purchase will continue to increase until 2022, while the aggregate purchase of red meat will slightly increase until 2017, but will either decrease or stay at same level from year 2017 to 2022.
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Immigration has changed the United States from having a predominantly white to a more ethnically diverse population. People who move to the U.S. may initially have diets unlike native-born Americans but gradually adopt eating patterns more like them. Using NHANES data and a censored gamma regression model, this study estimated the daily consumption of major food products among groups of immigrants and the corresponding groups born in the U.S. Results show that immigrants had lower consumption of meat and higher consumption of fruits and vegetables, and immigrants’ consumption converged towards a less healthy American diet after five years in the U.S.
Foredrag – Health Attitudes, Environmental Attitudes and Vegetable Consumption
Geir Wæhler Gustavsen
Forfattere
Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
According to World Health Organization a diet high in vegetables may reduce the risk of coronary heart diseases, stroke, and certain types of cancer. In addition, vegetables have lower carbon footprints than most other foods. But what is the most important motivation to consume vegetables? Is it health or is it climate and the environment? The main objective in this paper is to find drivers behind vegetable consumption, with emphasis on health and environmental motivation. To analyze the connection between individual's attitudes towards the climate, environment and health and the frequency of vegetable consumption we used survey data from 2015. The individual attitudes are hidden but through questions regarding perceptions and behavior the attitudes may be retrieved. We constructed latent variables to represent measures of environment and health attitudes. These latent variables were included in an econometric model linking attitudes with frequency of vegetable consumption. We applied the model to test for differences in frequencies of vegetable consumption for individuals with little and high degree of environmental and health consciousness. The main results show that health is a stronger motivator for vegetable consumption than environmental consciousness.
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We used a survey to investigate some motives for drinking red, sparkling, and white wine among 3,433 Norwegian respondents. Respondents with interest in wine drank all types of wine more frequently than those with little interest. Interest in cultural activities, which often are associated with wine consumption, also increased the frequency of consumption of all types of wine. Respondents who scored high on conspicuous attitudes drank sparkling and white wine more frequently than respondents with low scores. However, conspicuous attitudes did not affect the frequency of red wine consumption. (JEL Classifications: D12, Q13).
Forfattere
Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
According to the World Health Organization a diet high in vegetables may reduce the risk of coronary heart diseases, stroke, and certain types of cancer. In addition, vegetables have lower carbon footprints than most other foods. The main objective in this paper is to find drivers behind vegetable consumption, with emphasis on health and environmental motivation. We used the theory of planned behavior together with direct acyclic graphs as a theoretical basis. The empirical analysis applied the graded response model and bounded beta regression with survey data from 2019. The main results show that health attitude is a stronger motivator for vegetable consumption than environmental attitudes.
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This paper contributes to the debate on sustainable water consumption by exploring the relation between consumers’ personality, understanding of risk/trust and social distinction in water drinking practices in Norway. Our main research question, how can we understand preferences for water consumption?, is approached by answering a set of hypotheses inspired by a combination of three theoretical approaches. Latent variables measuring personality and conspicuous attitudes are included in frequency models based on the statistical beta distribution together with other predictors. Statistical tests were performed to find the connection between expected frequency of water consumption, personality, risk/trust and conspicuous attitudes. The conclusion is that the consequence of the connections between consumers’ personality, understanding of risk and conspicuous consumption of water should be considered by Norwegian stakeholders when planning future strategies and methods for more sustainable water consumption.
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In studies of consumption of local food specialties individuals' personality are rarely included. In this article we want to expand and give nuances to the understanding of what characterizes these consumers and ask: Are there any common personality traits, or personal characteristics of these consumers? We make use of the Big Five personality model to unpack the relation between individual's personality and choices of local food specialties. This model consists of the following five personal traits: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience. These personality traits are hidden but through questions regarding behavior the traits may be retrieved. In order to construct latent variables to represent measures of these traits, we apply Item Response Theory (IRT). Socioeconomic variables are combined with personality traits in logistic regression models to find the connection between personality and choice of Norwegian local food specialties. The results show that in all models the latent variable Openness to Experience is a significant predictor for choice of local food specialties. This personality trait was one of the most important predictors in all the choices made by the individuals. Openness to Experience is characterized by fantasy, aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety, and intellectual curiosity.
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Little attention has been paid to the effects of personality traits on the consumption of wine and beer. We used a survey to investigate the associations between personality traits and the differences in expected consumption frequencies of wine and beer for 3,482 Norwegian respondents. High scores on extraversion and openness to experiences increased the expected frequency of wine consumption, high score on agreeableness reduced the frequency of wine consumption, while scores on conscientiousness and neuroticism had no effects. For beer, there were no significant effects between personality traits and the frequency of consumption.
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Klaus Mittenzwei Torbjørn Haukås Signe Kårstad Øyvind Hoveid Geir Wæhler Gustavsen Ingrid RomsaasSammendrag
To prosjekter angående sammenheng mellom pris, tilskudd og produsert mengde i noen husdyrproduksjoner ligger bak denne rapporten. Arbeidet med prosjektene har gått parallelt, og det har vært et tett samarbeid mellom prosjektmedarbeiderne. En brukergruppe sammensatt av nøkkelpersoner fra næring og offentlig forvaltning har bidratt underveis. Den ene delen er en deskriptiv analyse av utvikling av priser, tilskudd og produksjon i perioden 1998-2018. Den andre delen er empiriske analyser for storfe, fordelt på ammeku og melkeku, samt sau/lam og gris. Rapporten gir en kompakt og samlet oversikt over utviklingen i pris, tilskudd og produsert mengde i norsk husdyrproduksjon de siste 20 årene...
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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We compare the food values in the USA and Norway using the best–worst scaling approach. The food values examined are aimed at capturing the main issues related to food consumption such as naturalness, taste, price, safety, convenience, nutrition,novelty, origin, fairness, appearance, environmental impact and animal welfare. Results show that respondents in both countries have mostly similar food values,with safety being the most important value; while convenience and novelty are the least important values. Specifically, US respondents consider price more important and naturalness less important than Norwegian respondents.
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Over their life course, people change their consumption habits when prices, income, tastes or nutritional needs change. The time period during which an individual grew up is often reflected in his or her consumption of different types of food. To investigate the possible links between demographic changes and food consumption, we constructed two-step censored demand systems for different groups of foods. We estimated the systems using Norwegian data for the 1986 – 2012 period. In the systems, age, period, cohort, other demographic and economic variables are included. The estimated systems are used to construct a long-run forecasting model for meat and dairy products. In this model, younger cohorts replace older cohorts with a different consumption pattern. The total purchases of beef, lamb, pork and fluid milk are predicted to decrease, while the total purchases of chicken, yoghurt and cheese are predicted to increase towards 2027.
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This research note offers a critical-constructive discussion of the article ‘Class, Culture and Culinary Tastes: Cultural Distinctions and Social Class Divisions in Contemporary Norway’, written by Flemmen, Hjellbrekke and Jarness (FHJ) (Sociology, 2018(1)). Concerns are raised about the methods and the use of the data. A robustness analysis with alternative data and/or alternative methods is suggested. Conceptually, the analysis of FHJ is considered not to engage adequately with a more qualitative body of historical and ethnological literature, as well as the impact of Norwegian agricultural policy. To describe and understand the evolution of social meaning and social patterns of the consumption of ‘traditional’ Norwegian foodstuffs, a qualitative approach could have contributed constructively. Overall, wider implications for Bourdieu-inspired analyses of cultural consumption are addressed.
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The Norwegian per capita sales of wine have more than doubled over the past 20 years, while the sales of sprits and beer have declined. These changes are likely to be the effect of changes in economic, demographic, and attitudinal factors as well as the availability of wine. We estimated age-period-cohort (APC) logit models using data from a large repeated cross-sectional survey over the period 1991–2015. The estimation results indicate substantial effects of the APC variables as well as income, availability, and attitudes. The model was used to simulate wine consumption over the life cycle in different birth cohorts. The simulation results indicate that wine consumption frequency increases by age, and younger cohorts are expected to increase their consumption frequencies more than older cohorts, which suggests an increased wine consumption over time.
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Consumer resistance against GM crops is still substantial in the United States and Europe. We conducted an internet survey in the United States and Norway with more than 1,000 respondents in each country to estimate consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for GM soybean oil, farmed salmon fed with GM soy, and GM salmon. The differences in WTP for the conventional as compared with the GM alternatives are relatively small. Only between 7 and 13% of the respondents indicated that they were willing to pay more than a 20% premium for each of the conventional alternatives as compared to the corresponding GM alternatives. The average WTP premiums range from 7.5 to 9.2%. This suggests a large similarity in WTP in Norway and the United States and across the three products.
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Food production contributes considerably to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Animal products – particularly meat from ruminants – generally have higher GHG emissions than plant products. Over the last few decades the global per capita consumption of animal products has increased. This has a negative impact on climate change, land and water availability, and human health. We are faced with the two-fold challenge of reducing GHG emissions while still producing enough food for our growing population. Part of the solution could be for consumers to change towards a more sustainable diet. In this paper we take Norway as a case study for estimating optimal taxes and subsidies on different food items which can change consumption patterns in order to reduce the GHG emissions derived from the average Norwegian diet. In the estimate we ensure that the average calorie intake with the new diet remains the same as with the current diet, and factor in other health considerations. Our findings suggest that limited but useful emission reduction targets can be set with only a few changes in diets. The methodology presented in this paper may be used to estimate optimal climate taxes and subsidies under different emission, quantities, taxes, subsidies, and health constraints.
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
Etterspørselen etter kjøtt, fjørfe og egg blir som de fleste ikke-varige forbruksgoder bestemt hovedsaklig av utviklingen i priser og inntekter. Når prisen på en kjøttvare går ned i forhold til andre varer som konsumentene ser på som alternativer, vil etterspørselen etter denne kjøttvaren øke. Når konsumentenes inntekter går opp, vil det totale private konsumet gå opp, og dermed vil normalt etterspørselen etter kjøtt, fjørfe og egg stige. I dette prosjektet er to systemer av etterspørselsfunksjoner estimert og koblet sammen. På øverste nivå er etterspørselen etter kjøtt, drikkevarer, andre matvarer samt andre ikke-varige forbruksgoder modellert. På nivået under er etterspørselen etter storfekjøtt, svin, sau/lam og kylling modellert. Egg er modellert for seg selv. Betingede pris- og inntektselastisiteter for de to nivåene er estimert. Så er systemene bundet sammen for å finne de ubetingede elastisitetene man trenger for å lage prognoser. Elastisitetene er kalibrert for å tilpasses salgstallene i den nærmeste fortid. Ut fra de kalibrerte elastisitetene er det konstruert en prognosemodell på tertialnivå som er programmert som en Visual Basic applikasjon i Excel. Prognosemodellen er enkel å bruke. En bruker av modellen må legge inn anslåtte verdier for en del variabler i hvert tertial i prognoseperioden. Disse variablene er engrospriser for de ulike varene, totalt privat konsum, konsumprisindeks, sats for merverdiavgift og innbyggertall samt periodelengde. Programmet henter så opp de ulike variablene i prognoseperioden og lager prognoser eller simuleringer ut fra hvilke varegrupper som har blitt valgt. I utskriften får man også partielle effekter på prognosert kvantum av de ulike variablene. Modellen skal brukes i Landbrukssamvirkets prognoseutvalg. Prognoseutvalget for kjøtt og prognoseutvalget for egg- og fjørfe utarbeider korttidsprognoser for produksjon og salg av storfe, svin, sau/lam, kylling og egg. Disse prognosene blir brukt av Budsjettnemnda for jordbruket i forbindelse med jordbruksforhandlingene, og av Gilde Norsk Kjøtt og Prior Norge i forbindelse med markedsregulering og salgsarbeide. I forbindelse med prognosearbeidet er det også interessant å finne ut i hvilken grad endringer i engrosprisen på ulike varer har gjennomslag i konsumprisene. Dette er også gjort i prosjektet. Resultatene viser at engrosprisene ikke har fullt gjennomslag i konsumprisene. Og for storfe, svin og egg er det dessuten forskjell på hvor sterkt endringen i engrospriser slår gjennom i konsumprisene når endringen er positiv og når den er negativ. For storfe vil en negativ endring i engrosprisen ha større gjennomslag i konsumprisen enn en positiv endring. Dette kan indikere høy konkurranse i detaljistmarkedet for storfe. For svin og egg er det motsatt. For disse varene vil en økning i engrosprisene slå sterkere ut i konsumprisene enn en nedgang i engrosprisene. Dette kan indikere liten konkurranse i detaljistmarkedet for svin og egg. For lam og kylling var det ingen signifikant forskjellig effekt mellom positive og negative endringer i engrosprisene. Ingen av engrosprisene hadde fullt gjennomslag i konsumprisene i samme periode.
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
Mange sykdommer er relatert til kostholdet. Forekomsten av overvekt, hjertekarsykdommer, enkelte kreftsykdommer og diabetes kan påvirkes ved hjelp av matvareforbruket. Dette notatet tar for seg hva som er skrevet i internasjonal vitenskapelig litteratur om etterspørsel etter matvarer som er spesielt sunne, som frukt og grønnsaker, og matvarer som er spesielt usunne, som brus, snacks, godterier og gatekjøkkenmat. Det er særlig søkt etter artikler som omhandler virkemidler og kvantitative effekter på etterspørselen av priser, inntekter og informasjon. Et stort forbruk av usunne matvarer kan sees på som en eksternalitet i forbruket. Det vil si at i forbruket av usunne matvarer er det faktorer som aktørene ikke tar hensyn til men som påvirker den økonomiske tilpasningen. Et stort forbruk av usunne matvarer kan føre til høyere kostnader for samfunnet både i form av økte helseutgifter, men også lavere produktivitet. Dette er faktorer som produsenter og forbrukere ikke betaler for selv og dette medfører at prisene på slike produkter er for lave. De økonomiske kostnadene på grunn av helseproblemer relatert til ernæring er beregnet til flere hundre millioner US$ i USA (se tabell 4.1). For å påvirke folks forbruk av matvarer kan både reguleringer, avgifter og subsidier og informasjon brukes. Inntektsoverføringer for å påvirke matvareforbruket er både dyrt og lite målrettet. I mange stater i USA er det særavgifter på varer som er spesielt usunne, og da spesielt brus, snacks og godterier (se tabell 6.1). Men mange avgifter har blitt avskaffet på grunn av lobbyvirksomhet (se tabell 6.2). Hvordan avgifter påvirker etterspørselen etter ulike varer kan beregnes ved hjelp av priselastisiteter. En egenpriselastisitet til en vare forteller oss forventet endring i etterspørselen etter denne varen når prisen endres med én prosent, og alt annet er uendret. Egenpriselastisiteter på frukt og grønnsaker som er relevante for norske forhold ligger på mellom 0,4 og 0,8. Det vil si at ved en 10 prosents nedgang i prisen på frukt og grønnsaker er det totale forbruket forventet å stige med mellom 4 og 8 prosent, alt annet likt. For brus og saft ligger egenpriselastisiteter som er relevante for norske forhold på mellom –0,6 og –1,0. For etterspørselen etter gatekjøkkenmat er det gjort svært lite arbeid. Det er mer vanlig å estimere etterspørselen etter gruppen «food away from home» som omfatter både utgifter til restaurant, kafé, kafeteria, men også gatekjøkkenmat. Bare i et tilfelle er det funnet priselastisiteter for «fast food». Her ble det beregnet at amerikanske forbrukere ville øke sitt forbruk av gatekjøkkenmat med 18 prosent hvis prisene gikk ned med 10 prosent, alt annet likt. På snacks og godterier er det omtrent ikke gjort noe i internasjonal vitenskapelig litteratur. […]
Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Forfattere
Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Sammendrag
Norwegian fluid milk consumption has declined steadily over the last twenty years, despite the dairy industry spending increasing amounts of money on advertising. Using a two-stage model, we investigate whether advertising has increased the demand for milk. No effect of advertising on the demand for non-alcoholic beverages is found in the first stage. In the second stage, an almost ideal demand system including advertising expenditures on competing beverages is estimated. The effects of generic advertising within the beverage group are positive and significant for whole milk and negative and significant for lower fat milk. The own-advertising elasticity for the combined fluid milk group is 0.0008. This highly inelastic elasticity suggests that increased advertising will not be profitable for the producers. Several cross-advertising effects are statistically significant, emphasizing the usefulness of a demand system approach.
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Sammendrag
Forbruket av frukt og grønnsaker i Norge har hatt en positiv utvikling de siste 30 årene. Økt import som gir tilgang på et variert utvalg varer hele året, og relativt sett lavere priser kan forklare mye av denne utviklingen. Opplysningsvirksomhet om de helsemessig gunstige virkningene og bransjens reklame har sannsynligvis også medvirket til økt forbruk. Selv om frukt og grønt sett over en lengre periode viser en gunstig prisutvikling, så ser vi også at frukt og grønnsaker har øket relativt mer i pris enn andre matvarer sist på nittitallet. Debatten om matvarepriser har fokusert mye på prisutvikling og prisforskjeller på typiske grensehandelsvarer som kjøtt. Fra et ernæringspolitisk synspunkt er det viktig å fokusere også på hva som kan bidra til en gunstig prisutvikling på frukt og grønt. I denne rapporten har vi sett på hvordan prisendringer kan påvirke forbruket, og gjort en vurdering av aktuelle økonomiske virkemidler som redusert merverdiavgift og reduserte tollsatser. [...]
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Forfattere
Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
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Forfattere
Geir Wæhler GustavsenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
In this paper we first discuss the consumption behaviour of Norwegian farm households. Then, possible consumption models are outlined and our data sample is described. In the next section we discuss the use of panel data methods to estimate our consumption function. Finally, the results from estimating a consumption function with the DPD computer program are discussed. The preliminary results indicate that the GMM estimation using the system estimator of Blundell and Bond (1998) may be superior to the other methods. The parameter of the lagged dependent variable is inside the limits indicated by the OLS and the within estimator. The second lag of the dependent variable is rejected as an instrument and there are strong indications of serial correlation. Later on, we have to transform the model to make the serial correlation disappear. In a later version of this paper we will test if the MPC is changing over time. We will also test if there are different effects from price- and production dependent agricultural income and other income.
Sammendrag
Hovedformålet med prosjektet har vært å utvikle en modell for etterspørselen etter meieriprodukter til hjelp for Prognoseutvalget for melk. Dette utvalget lager prognoser på kort og mellomlang sikt for produksjonen av melk. Med den nye modellen vil de også ha muligheten til å lage scenarieanalyser for konsumentenes etterspørsel etter meieriprodukter. På grunnlag av data fra Norske Meierier, Norsk samfunnsvitenskapelige datatjeneste og Statistisk sentralbyrå er det estimert etterspørselsfunksjoner for meieriprodukter og enkelte andre varegrupper. En variant av almost ideal demand system (Deaton og Muellbauer, 1980) er brukt for å estimere funksjonene. En metode for å redusere antall parametre som skal estimeres er å dele opp varene i systemer der etterspørselen etter varene innenfor hvert av systemene henger nært sammen. Vi sier da at etterspørselen etter varer i ulike systemer er svakt separable. Dette innebærer at prisendringer på varer i et system bare påvirker etterspørselen i et undersystem gjennom endringer i totalutgiften. For å finne frem til de endelige prognoseligningene er det estimert fire systemer: Ikke-varige forbruksgoder: ikke-alkoholholdige drikkevarer; ost, fett og spesialmelk; andre matvarer; andre ikke-varige forbruksgoder og tjenester. Ost, spesialmelk og fett: hvitost; brunost; fett; spesialmelk. Drikkevarer: melk; varme drikker; brus; andre kalde drikkevarer. Melk: h-melk; skummet melk; lettmelk; surmelk. [...]
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Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
BlueRev - Revitalisation of European local communities with innovative business models and social innovation in the blue bio-based sector
The aim of the EU-funded BlueRev project is to encourage innovation in local communities by focusing on “blue” sustainability and creating positive environmental impacts.
Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
Food security through better sanitation: the case of urine recycling (FoodsecURe)
Human urine contains essential nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) required for plant growth. Hence, urine can serve as a “free” and locally available nutrient source. Successful, low-cost urine-diverting toilets (UDTs) that separately collect urine have been developed in Scandinavia and in Europe and are being manufactured at large scale in Africa.
Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
JordbærSmak
Jordbær er en viktig bærart med lange tradisjoner i Norge. De norske bærene har en høy status blant forbrukerne. Klimaet i Norge ligger til rette for dyrking av jordbær med god smak, men sesongen er kort og forbrukernes ønske om tilgang på jordbær hele året har ført til en kraftig importøkning de siste årene. Om norske jordbær skal konkurrere med importerte bær i vekstsesongen og beholde sin høye status, er det viktig å ha fokus på smak og kvalitet.
Divisjon for skog og utmark
PLATON - Et samfunnsfaglig klimaforskningsprosjekt
Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
Agricultural mitigation measures and the value of water quality improvements
Agriculture is one of the main sources of water pollution in Norway, and an important contributor to GHG emissions.
Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
Tiltak i landbruket og verdien av forbedret vannkvalitet
Landbruket er en av de viktigste kildene til vannforurensing i Norge, og samtidig en stor bidragsyter til klimautslipp.
Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
Sustainable growth of the Norwegian Horticulture Food System – GreenRoad GS35 (“GrøntStrategi mot 2035)
The main aim of GreenRoad is to deliver knowledge and solutions for increased value creation and sustainability in the horticultural food system in Norway.