Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Forfattere
Ketil HaarstadSammendrag
Sigevannet ved HRA ble i 2006 overvåket ved å ta stikkprøver før og etter rensing. Renseanlegget omfatter luftet lagune og sedimentering. I tillegg ble det tatt prøver av grunnvannet i 4 brønner. Brønn B6 nedstrøms er blitt ødelagt pga. isspregning. Rensingen av sigevann har vært god i 2006, med følgende rensegrader; 93 % for KOF, 50 % for Tot-N, 70 % for NH4-N og 95 % for Fe, til tross for en tilsynelatende betydelig økning i konsentrasjonene. Basert på totalavrenningen utgjør utslippet med sigevann om lag 80 t KOF, 4 t Tot-N og 700 kg Fe. Organiske miljøgifter analysert i 2006 omfatter fenoler, metylfenoler, klorfenoler og BTEX. Innholdet i renset sigevann er lavt. Sigevannet som slippes ut til infiltrering i grunnvann, har høye nivåer av N, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr og Ni. Grunnvannet under deponiet har forhøyde nivåer av Mn, Cu.
Forfattere
Ketil HaarstadSammendrag
Sigevann ved Teigen er analysert i alt 6 ganger i 2006, ved tidsproporsjonale blandprøver, samt stikkprøver med utvidet program. Det er tatt prøver av råvann, ut lagune og ut biodam. I tillegg er det tatt prøver fra bekk oppstrøms og nedstrøms anlegget, samt i nærliggende grunnvannsbrønn. Målt sigevannsproduksjon i 2006 var ca. 29 000 m3, eller 57 m3/dag, 25 % høyere enn normalt. Sigevannsanlegget har i gjennomsnitt oppnådd følgende rensegrader: 32 % for KOF, 40 % for Tot-N og 71 % for Tot-Fe. Rensingen er bedre enn i 2005. Rensingen av KOF er lavere enn kravet. Innholdet av organiske miljøgifter og tungmetaller er lavt i renset sigevann, med unntak av en del tungmetaller og ugrasmidler. Det er påvist ugrasmidler i grunnvannet i lave konsentrasjoner nedstrøms. Det er forhøyde konsentrasjoner av jern og nitrogen nedstrøms. Pesticider er også påvist i bekken. Det anbefales at tilsetningen av fosfor fortsetter i vekstsesongen 2007.
Forfattere
L. Kirwan A. Lüscher J. A. Finn M. T. Sebastiá R. P. Collins C. Porqueddu A. Helgadottir O. H. Baadshaug C. Brophy C. Coran S. Dalmannsdóttir I. Delgado A. Elgersma M. Fothergill B. E. Frankow-Lindberg P. Golinski P. Grieu A. M. Gustavsson M. Höglind O. Huguenin-Elie C. Iliadis M. Jørgensen Z. Kadziuliene T. Karyotis T. Lunnan M. Malengier S. Maltoni V. Meyer D. Nyfeler P. Nykanen-Kurki J. Parente H. J. Smit U. Thumm J. ConnollySammendrag
Summary 1 Ecological and agronomic research suggests that increased crop diversity in species poor intensive systems may improve their provision of ecosystem services. Such general predictions can have critical importance for worldwide food production and agricultural practice but are largely untested at higher levels of diversity. 2 We propose new methodology for the design and analysis of experiments to quantify diversity-function relationships. Our methodology can quantify the relative strength of inter-specific interactions that contribute to a functional response, and can disentangle the separate contributions of species richness and relative abundance. 3 Applying our methodology to data from a common experiment at 28 European sites, we show that the above-ground biomass of four-species mixtures (two legumes and two grasses) in intensive grassland systems was consistently greater than that expected from monoculture performance, even at high productivity levels. The magnitude of this effect generally resulted in transgressive overyielding. 4 A combined analysis of first-year results across sites showed that the additional performance of mixtures was driven by the number and strength of pairwise inter-specific interactions and the evenness of the community. In general, all pairwise interactions contributed equally to the additional performance of mixtures; the grass-grass and legume-legume interactions were as strong as those between grasses and legumes. 5 The combined analysis across geographical and temporal scales in our study provides a generality of interpretation of our results that would not have been possible from individual site analyses or experimentation at a single site. 6 Our four-species agricultural grassland communities have proved a simple yet relevant model system for experimentation and development of methodology in diversity-function research. Our study establishes that principles derived from biodiversity research in extensive, semi-natural grassland systems are applicable in intensively managed grasslands with agricultural plant species.
Sammendrag
Oil shipment in the Barents Region had insignificant volumes before 2002. In 2002, there was a dramatic increase in oil transportation, when 4 million tons of oil was shipped across the northern regions of Russia and Norway. In 2003, the volume reached 8 million tons. The trend continued in 2004, and about 12 million tons of export oil and oil products were delivered from the Russian Arctic to the western market along the Norwegian coast. In 2005 and 2006, the annual oil shipment volume was on the level of 10 million tons. The terminals loading Russian oil for export in the Barents Region have been continuously developed, and the overall shipping capacity has been enlarged. In the recent study of oil shipment in the Barents Region we gave special attention to the existing and prospective offshore and onshore oil shipment terminals and their connection to the oil reserves on one hand and to the export routes on the other. We see now that even without a trunk oil pipeline to the Barents Sea coast, the annual oil exports from the Russian part of the Barents Region may reach a volume of about 50-80 million tons in the next decade. Crude oil and oil products will be delivered to the transshipment terminals in the ice free area of the Barents Sea by railway and shuttle tankers, and further shipped to export by line tankers. Oil pollution prevention should be the central issue during oil transportation in the Barents Sea.
Forfattere
Samson ØpstadSammendrag
Med utgangspunkt i større nedbørsmengder og høgre temperatur enn normalt hausten-vinteren 2006-2007, drøftar artikkelen kor mykje nitrogen som er tapt med grøfte- og overflateavrenning på Vestlandet. Høg temperatur fører til større mineralisering av organisk bunde nitrogen i humusmateriale (mold) og husdyrgjødsel. Det vert tilrådd å gjødsla med 1-1,5 kg nitrogen meir pr dekar enn det ein normal gjødselplan legg opp til.
Sammendrag
Restaureringsarbeid er kjent for de aller fleste, og vanligvis tenker man da på istandsetting av gamle hus, gjerder og kulturminner som er i forfall. Men mange av de gamle kulturmarkene våre trenger også restaurering, og da mener vi "tilbakeføring" av kulturmarka til en tilstand den hadde da den ble drevet på tradisjonelt vis. Slik restaurering kan være meget vanskelig, men gjengroende, gamle kulturmarker kan som oftest restaureres med godt resultat hvis gjengroingen ikke har gått for langt. Hvis resultatet skal bli vellykket, er det imidlertid nødvendig å planlegge arbeidet nøye ut fra forutsetningene i hvert enkelt restaureringsområde. Vi vil her belyse noen av de problemstillingene og utfordringene man kan møte ved restaurering av gamle kulturmarker.
Forfattere
Trond HaraldsenSammendrag
Det er 19 arter meitemark i Norge. Av disse er 5-7 vanlige i hagejord.
Sammendrag
Foredrag om plantevernutfordringar ved dyrking av frukt, bær og grønsaker i plasttunnelar.
Sammendrag
Neozygites floridana is a fungus in the order Entomophthorales that infects and kills the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. The fungus is therefore of interest for the biological control of T. urticae. To obtain information that might help in the use of this fungus under practical conditions in strawberries and cucumbers we have tried to answer the following questions in a series of studies*): 1) When, and at what infection levels does N. floridana occurre in T. urticae populations in fieldgrown strawberries? 2) How and where does N. floridana survive harsh climatic conditions (i.e winter) in Norway? 3) How and where does N. floridana infected T. urticae move and sporulate on a plant? 4) How do commonly used pesticides in strawberries affect N. floridana and T. urticae? 5) How can N. floridana be inoculated in augmentative microbial control of T. urticae? Results show that N. floridana infected and killed T. urticae in 12 out of 12 Norwegian strawberry fields studied. Infection levels up to 90% were observed, and the highest levels were observed late in the season. The infection levels throughout a season varied considerably. N. floridana was observed to overwinter as both hyphal bodies in hibernating T. urticae females from October to at least February at temperatures as low as -20o C. Cadavers with resting spores were found from October to the end of January. Cadavers then probably disintegrated, and resting spores were left on leaves, soil, etc. In a bioassay where a Norwegian N. floridana isolate was tested for numbers and distance of spores thrown at three different temperatures (13o, 18o, 23o C), preliminary results show that high numbers of spores (ca 1300-1900 per cadaver) were thrown at all three temperatures. Further, spores were thrown about the same distance (up to about 6 mm) at all three temperatures. The effects of pesticides used in strawberries on the N. floridana infection level were studied to evaluate factors that might be important for conservation biological control. The pesticides tested were three fungicides; Euparen (tolylfluanid), Teldor (fenhexamid), Switch (cyprodinil +fludioxonil) and one acaricide/ insecticide: Mesurol (methiocarb). The experiment indicated that all three fungicides affect N. floridana negatively but that Euparen might be the least harmful. Mesurol did not affect N. floridana. Our attempts to inoculate N. floridana artificially in a strawberry field has not yet been successful, but we now work on promising methods for inoculation of N. floridana in T. urticae populations in greenhouse cucumbers. More detailed results from the studies referred to in this abstract will soon be published elsewhere.
Sammendrag
To obtain information that might help in the use of Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomopthorales) in biological control of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), in strawberries and cucumbers we have tried to answer the following questions in a series of studies*): 1) When, and at what infection levels does N. floridana occur in T. urticae populations in field grown strawberries? 2) How does N. floridana survive harsh climatic conditions (i.e winter) in Norway? 3) Where do N. floridana infected T. urticae move and sporulate on a plant? 4) How do commonly used pesticides in strawberries affect N. floridana and T. urticae? 5) How can N. floridana be inoculated in augmentative microbial control of T. urticae? Results show that N. floridana infected and killed T. urticae in 12 out of 12 Norwegian strawberry fields studied. Infection levels up to 90% were observed, and the highest levels were observed late in the season. The infection levels throughout a season varied considerably. N. floridana was observed to over-winter as hyphal bodies in hibernating T. urticae females throughout the winter. Cadavers with resting spores were found from October to the end of January. Cadavers then probably disintegrated, and resting spores were left on leaves, soil, etc. In a bioassay where a Norwegian N. floridana isolate was tested for numbers and distance of spores thrown at three different temperatures (13o, 18o, 23o C), results show that the highest numbers of spores (1886 and 1733 per cadaver) were thrown at 13o and 18o compared to 23o C (1302 per cadaver). Spores were thrown at the same distance (up to about 6 mm) at all three temperatures when cadavers were placed with dorsal side facing up. Cadavers placed with dorsal side down (hanging) threw equal numbers of spores up (on the underside of the leaf in nature) and down (on the leaf below). The effects of pesticides used in strawberries on the N. floridana infection level were studied to evaluate factors that might be important for conservation biological control. The pesticides tested were three fungicides; Euparen (tolylfluanid), Teldor (fenhexamid), Switch (cyprodinil +fludioxonil) and one acaricide/ insecticide: Mesurol (methiocarb). The experiment indicated that all three fungicides affect N. floridana negatively but that Euparen might be the least harmful. Mesurol did not affect N. floridana. Our attempt to inoculate N. floridana artificially in a strawberry field has not yet been successful, but we now work on promising methods for inoculation of N. floridana in T. urticae populations in greenhouse cucumbers. More detailed results from the studies referred to in this abstract will soon be published elsewhere.