Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2012
Sammendrag
Gjengroing med skog pågår i mange deler av landet, og dette vil påvirke mange freda bygninger og kulturmiljøer. Spesielt utsatt er freda bygninger knyttet til land- og fiskebruk. Av de 2774 freda bygningene som kan knyttes til land- og fiskebruk, ligger 1560 (56%) i områder som gror igjen. Direkte kan gjengroing med skog øke bygningenes fysisk nedbryting blant annet gjennom fuktigere luft rundt bygningene (tiltakende forråtnelse), gjengrodde dreneringer og rotsprengning på grunnmurer. I alt vil gjengroinga stille økende krav til vedlikehold, og framtidige klimaendringer kan forsterke konsekvensene betydelig.
Sammendrag
Tourism is acknowledged to be an important business sector in rural areas. This paper argues that second-home owners constitute an important market segment for businesses that offer nature-based tourism activities. Previous research has shown that a number of factors influence tourist behaviour. This study examined how motivation and demographic variables affect second-home owners’ intention to purchase three different types of activity products: learning, adventure, and hunting products.We found substantial variations in the purchase intentions for these products among second-home owners. These intentions were influenced by push and pull motivations, age, income and educational level. Secondhome owners with a high intention of purchasing nature-based tourism activity products tend to be young, high-income, and socially oriented risk takers. Businesses offering nature-based tourism activity products should use a combination of demographic and psychographic variables when they segment the second-home market.
Forfattere
Ola Wågbø Oddmund HjukseSammendrag
Rapporten «Melding om årsveksten» gir en oversikt over vær- og vekstforhold i landsdelene samt foreløpige avlingstall og planteproduksjon. Endelige avlingstall som utarbeides av Statistisk Sentralbyrå, foreligger noe seinere. Meldingen bygger på vurderinger og registreringer foretatt av fylkesagronomene ved Fylkesmannens landbruksavdeling (FMLA), med basis i bl.a. oppgaver disse innhenter fra landbrukskontorene og Norsk Landbruksrådgivning. Avlingstallene for de enkelte vekstene i de ulike fylkene blir oppgitt som prosenter av normalårsavlingene for de respektive fylker. De fylkesvise avlingsprosentene blir veid sammen til landstall. I kap. 5 er det gjengitt normalårsavlinger for fylkene og landet.
Sammendrag
I 2011 var det en nedgang i helsetilstanden hos bartrær, og hos gran ble det observert en del toppskranting og avdøing i hogstklasse 3 og 4. Vi registrerte få insekt- og soppskader på gran der 1 % av trærne var angrepet, mens 1,2 % av furutrærne hadde slike biotiske skader. Antall abiotiske skader (stort sett snø- og vindrelaterte) hos bartrærne var omtrent på samme nivå som tidligere i overvåkingsperioden (1,7 og 1,2 % for hhv. gran og furu). Av treslagene gran, furu og bjørk er det fortsatt bjørk som er mest utsatt for skader: 10,6 % av bjørketrærne var angrepet og skadet av insekter, hovedsakelig av fjellbjørkemåleren, mens 14,2 % av bjørketrærne var angrepet av bjørkerustsopp eller andre sopper og 3,5 % hadde skader med abiotiske årsaker....
Forfattere
Per Engelseth Aksel DøvingSammendrag
The case provides an overview of a complete fresh strawberry supply network from the perspective of Valldal Grønt AS, a small grower-owned cooperative situated in the picturesque fjords region of North-Western Norway. This case is predominately related to supply chain management (SCM), but may also be used in marketing to illustrate how logistics creates value for end-users; illustrating how logistics processes may be developed to secure market orientation. Furthermore issues regarding food safety, quality, information transparency and ethics are in a subtle manner embedded in the case narrative. The case provides an end-to-end picture; natural given the short time-frame of this product from harvest to consumption. Furthermore the reader is suggested to notice the particularities of this product supply case. Fresh seasonal distribution of Norwegian produced strawberries is as one informant expressed: "Like a completely different planet". These products are heavily embedded in Norwegians’ perception of summer and represent the most important produce when in season measured both in volume and value.
Forfattere
Reidun Pommeresche Anne-Kristin LøesSammendrag
Abstract: Little is known about Collembola in arable soil, at least in Norway. Recently, a study includ. this group has been initiated in a Norwegian field experiment (Soileffects). Collembola (springtails) are a group of small animals (1-3 mm) living in vegetation, litter and in the pores and caves in the soil to a depth of ca 15 cm. They are important decomposers of dead plant material, eating fungi, algae and microorganisms in soil and on organic debris. Their grazing and decomposing activity contribute significantly to the nutrient circulation in the soil. The name springtail refers to a furca on their back, usually folded in under the body, but released in need of a rapid escape. In one jump, Collembola can jump more than 50 times their own body length. In Norway 334 species are known; in the world more than 6000. Two main groups are found: Entomobryomorpha; species with a clearly elongated segmented body and Symphyleona; species with a more or less globular body with fused segments, reminding of small “rabbits”. Whereas species living in the vegetation and in the upper soil litter are often pigmented, have long antennas, large furca and visible eyes, soil living species are smaller (< 0.5 mm), and have shorter extremities and lack eyes or have small eyespot. They are often white or grey in color. The general distribution of species in Norway is well studied by Arne Fjellberg1. European papers about Collembola in agricultural soil are available23, but not too much is known about this group of animals in arable soil. On the organic research farm in Tingvoll, NW Norway, an experiment was established in 2011 to compare anaerobically digested manure with undigested slurry in perennial ley and arable crops. Effects on crop yields, soil fauna, microbial communities, soil structure, organic matter and nutrient concentration are recorded. There is limited information on how the manure digestion impacts soil fertility in the long run. A reduced supply of carbon to the soil may impact the soil fauna, which is dependent on this source of energy, because almost none of them produce organic matter themselves. In addition to earthworms, Collembola are studied in this project, called “Soileffects”. Collembola were sampled from 12 plots in the ley part of the Soileffects experimental trail in April 2011. This, to get a start characterization of the fauna. We used small metal rings (5,8 cm in diam, 3,8 cm high) to take out soil cores. The fauna in the samples were extracted by using a variant of Tullgren funnels, where drying the soil force the Collembola out. In cooperation with Arne Fjellberg, we found 250 collembolas and identified them to 17 species, comprising a large variation in colors and body forms. A mean of 21 individuals in each sample, gave an estimate of 7980 individuals m-2 in our ley field. We found species belonging to the Entomobryomorpha and species belonging to the Symphyleona. A numerous species was Isotomurus graminis, with a greenish color, medium long antenna and a solid furca. Isotoma viridis, also greenish, but with purple edges of each segment. In this species, the body hairs are better preserved in alcohol, than mostly found for I. graminis. Of the small, white soil living species, Protaphorura armata, Stenaphorura lubbocki and Mesaphorura macrochaeta were the most numerous species. Possible effects of 3 years manure application with anaerobically digested manure and non-digested manure (slurry) will be measured in 2013. 1 Fjellberg. 1998 and 2007. The Collembola of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Part I and II. Fauna Entoml. Scand. 2 Bardgett and Cook. 1998. Functional aspects of soil animal diversity in agricultural grasslands. Appl. Soil Ecol. 3 Gutierrez-Lopez et al.2011. Movement response of Collemb. to the excreta of two earthw….Soil Biol. Biochem.
Sammendrag
Landscapes reflect both historic and current cultural and socio-economic activities of human societies. Accordingly, as human societies change, the landscape changes as well. Agriculture is the main driver of landscape changes in the Czech Republic. Therefore, it is necessary to devote special attention to agricultural practices and define simple but effective steps to improve landscape mosaics towards a sustainable development. In this study, regional information about historic changes in landscape structure was studied to (1) identify the trends in land use/cover development since 1940 to 2010 and (2) determine the impact of land use change on the resulting heterogeneity of the landscape. The overall purpose was to find areas of compromise which would allow strengthening of landscape structure and thus stabilize its functions. We specified trends of land use/cover development in 15 catchments with varying agriculture intensity. We digitalized aerial photographs from 1940, 1960, and 1990 and orthophotomaps from 2010. Then, we used a heterogeneity index to define landscape heterogeneity in all catchments and time horizons. The results of our research confirmed increasing tillage effort in intensively cultivated areas, support of secondary succession processes in marginalized areas, and overall increase in forest area. Our study found that simplification and homogenization of the landscape mosaic took place in all studied areas, with the steepest decline found in areas with high agriculture intensity. However, linear vegetation proved to be a suitable starting point for a targeted effort to increase heterogeneity and thus seemed to be crucial for sustainable development of landscape functions in agroecosystems.
Forfattere
Sarah Hale Johannes Lehmann David Rutherford Andrew R. Zimmerman Robert T. Bachmann Victor Shitumbanuma Adam O´Toole Kristina L. Sundqvist Hans Peter Arp Gerard CornelissenSammendrag
Biochar soil amendment is advocated to mitigate climate change and improve soil fertility. A concern though, is that during biochar preparation PAHs and dioxins are likely formed. These contaminants can possibly be present in the biochar matrix and even bioavailable to exposed organisms. Here we quantify total and bioavailable PAHs and dioxins in a suite of over 50 biochars produced via slow pyrolysis between 250 and 900 °C, using various methods and biomass from tropical, boreal, and temperate areas. These slow pyrolysis biochars, which can be produced locally on farms with minimum resources, are also compared to biochar produced using the industrial methods of fast pyrolysis and gasification. Total concentrations were measured with a Soxhlet extraction and bioavailable concentrations were measured with polyoxymethylene passive samplers. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 0.07 μg g–1 to 3.27 μg g–1 for the slow pyrolysis biochars and were dependent on biomass source, pyrolysis temperature, and time. With increasing pyrolysis time and temperature, PAH concentrations generally decreased. These total concentrations were below existing environmental quality standards for concentrations of PAHs in soils. Total PAH concentrations in the fast pyrolysis and gasification biochar were 0.3 μg g–1 and 45 μg g–1, respectively, with maximum levels exceeding some quality standards. Concentrations of bioavailable PAHs in slow pyrolysis biochars ranged from 0.17 ng L–1 to 10.0 ng L–1which is lower than concentrations reported for relatively clean urban sediments. The gasification produced biochar sample had the highest bioavailable concentration (162 ± 71 ng L–1). Total dioxin concentrations were low (up to 92 pg g–1) and bioavailable concentrations were below the analytical limit of detection. No clear pattern of how strongly PAHs were bound to different biochars was found based on the biochars’ physicochemical properties.
Sammendrag
Aktuelle skogskjøtseltiltak er vurdert med hensyn på effekten på karbonlagring og karbonopptak i Akershus. Analysene er basert på areal- og skogdata fra Landsskogtakseringen, og prognoser som framskriver skogtilstanden med hensyn på volum, tilvekst og biomasse i en hundreårsperiode ut fra definerte forutsetninger om skogbehandling. Vurderte tiltak er økt plantetetthet, endret avvirkningsnivå og økt omløpstid, tynning, uttak av hogstavfall til energiformål, og gjødsling. I tillegg er andre aktuelle tiltak kort omtalt. Det har i hele perioden 1920-1999 vært en økning i stående volum i Akershus, med totalt stående volum i Akershus på 31,9 mill. m3, og årlig tilvekst på nærmere 1,3 mill. m3 i siste fylkestakst (1999). Omregnet til CO2-ekvivalenter utgjør den levende trebiomassen i skog 54,5 mill. tonn, mens årlig brutto tilvekst er på nærmere 1,9 mill. tonn CO2. Hovedeffektene av ulike skjøtselstiltak er sammenstilt i tabellen under. Disse viser at det gjennom økt fokus på en klimarettet skogskjøtsel vil være mulig å øke CO2-bindingen i skogen i vesentlig grad. Gjennom høsting av hogstavfall og økt tynning og gjødsling er det rom for å ta ut et større energipotensiale fra skogen enn det som utnyttes i dag. Tiltak som øker skogproduksjonen vil på sikt kunne gi grunnlag for substitusjonseffekter utover dette, men slike effekter har vi ikke vurdert spesifikt her....
Sammendrag
Fire is the most important ecological factor governing boreal forest stand dynamics. In low- to moderate-severity fires, the post-fire growth of the surviving trees varies according to fire frequency, intensity and site factors. Little is known about the growth responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following fires in boreal forests. We quantified changes in tree growth in the years following 61 historical forest fires (between 1210 and 1866) in tree-ring series collected from fire-scarred Scots pine trees, snags and stumps in Trillemarka nature reserve in south-central Norway. Basal area increment 10 years pre-, 5 years post-, and 11-20 years post-fire were calculated for 439 fire scars in 225 wood samples. We found a slight temporary growth reduction 5 years post-fire followed by a marked growth increase 11-20 years post-fire. Beyond 20 years post-fire, the long-term tree growth declined steadily up to approximately 120 years. Our results indicate that recurring fires maintained high tree growth in remnant Scots pines, most probably due to a reduction in tree density and thus decreased competition.