Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2009
Forfattere
Derek Stewart Inger Martinussen Publikasjonsforfatter Susan Verdall Eivind Uleberg Olavi JunttilaSammendrag
Cloudberries (Rubus chamaemorus L.) contain several phenolic compounds, but ellagitannins and ellagic acid derivatives dominate and are primarily responsible for the antioxidative effects of cloudberry. Generally, antioxidative activities and chemical composition of berries are affected both by the genotype and the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of temperature and the genotypes used in the crossings on fruit quality. Since different genotypes might respond differently to different temperatures, possible interactions between genotype and temperature were also investigated. Plants were grown under controlled temperature treatments (9, 12, 15, 18°C; variation ±0.5C) in 24-h photoperiod. Ripe berries were harvested daily, frozen individually at -100°C and stored at this temperature until chemical analyses. There was a significant effect of female parent on both total phenols and total anthocyanins in the berries. Temperature affected the level of total anthocyanins, while there was no significant effect on the level of total phenols. High through-put MS-based analyses suggested subtle differences in phenolic composition in response to temperature and genotype. The results indicate that there is a need for breeding material with a special adaptation to different climatic conditions.
Forfattere
Steffen Adler Håvard Steinshamn Søren Krogh-Jensen Stig Purup Jens Hansen-Møller Espen GovasmarkSammendrag
Bulk-tank milk was collected every second month (in 2007) from 32 farms in Middle Norway to examine the effect of grassland management and farming system on milk composition. Sixteen farms with organic farming system were paired with 16 farms with conventional farming system. In both farming systems, 9 farms had short-term rotational grassland and 7 farms had long-term grassland. Milk fatty acid (FA) composition and milk concentration of ?-tocopherol, ?-carotene, retinol, phytoestrogens and selenium were analyzed. Only small differences were found in milk composition from farms with different grassland management, except for the concentration of phytoestrogens and selenium that were highest on farms with short-term grassland. Milk FA composition, milk concentration of phytoestrogens and selenium were strongly affected by farming system. Milk from organic farming had higher concentration of phytoestrogens, selenium and higher proportion of C18:3n-3, short-chain FA, long-chain FA, saturated FA and lower proportion of C18:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and lower n-6/n-3 FA ratio than milk from conventional farming.
Forfattere
Ketil Haarstad Pengxin Zhang Per Aagaard Farrokh Nadim Lars GottschalkSammendrag
The use of pesticides is a potential threat to local groundwater. Once groundwater is contaminated, it is very difficult to clean.Thus, it is of importance to assess the risk of contaminating local groundwater at an early stage when pesticides are found in soils. This knowledge will also help in remediation strategies. Traditional methods of deterministic analysis cannot explicitly account for the sometimes large uncertainties that exist at this stage in the work, whereas probabilistic analyses are better suited for dealing with these problems. In this paper, we have combined contaminant transport with a 1st-order reliability approach. Pesticide concentrations in soil have been studied to estimate the probability of failure—that is, of pesticides exceeding established critical levels in groundwater. Results indict that failure probability increases rapidly with in a certain range of pesticide concentrations in soil for different critical levels. In given aquifer conditions and contaminants, probabilities of contaminants exceeding particular critical levels can easily be obtained according to various water usage scenarios. The distribution of importance factors among variables indicates the contribution their relative weights make to the failure probability. Hence, authorities can easily form sensitivity factors to take action and reduce the risk of contaminating the groundwater.
Sammendrag
Side effects related to liming have been studied in four dimictic lakes (553-642 m a.s.l.; 59°57"N) in Finnemarka, a forested area in Southern Norway with poor catchment buffer capacity. Data series from lake profiles have been sampled two decades apart; 10 years prior to liming and after 10 years of liming. Water samples were collected during spring after ice breakup, and during summer after the development of thermal stratification. Before liming, there were very low concentrations of bicarbonate (HCO3-) (or alkalinity) in the lakes.After 10 years of liming, up to 90 % of the ions in hypolimnion originate from lime products. Hence; liming strengthened the chemical stratification and increased the vertical stability. Differences in chemocline developments between lakes were explained by differences in physical properties, i.e. their depth/surface area ratio. The chemocline developments lead to increased concentrations of organic matter in the hypolimnion, with a subsequent reduction in oxygen concentrations. Lime additions during late spring, as an alternative to early autumn, lead to pronounced anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion.
Forfattere
Sissel Hansen Marina BlekenSammendrag
The sources of N2O in agricultural soil and strategies to reduce emissions are summarised. The main source of N2O in agricultural soil is denitrification. Conditions for N2O emissions are readily available nitrogen (mainly NO3), a partly anaerobic environment, and readily available carbon. The portion of N2O is greatest with low pH. To decrease N2O emissions from agriculture it is important to increase utilisation of applied nitrogen. Improved utilisation of available manure, reduced nitrogen surplus and improved growth conditions such as soil structure, drainage, and pH are important in this. Data from a longterm field trial with different fertilization and soil compaction are presented. The soil was experimentally compacted by two passes with a tractor, wheel by wheel, shortly before fertilization. Gas fluxes at the soil surface were measured by the soil cover method. In the NPK treatment, soil compaction by tractor traffic in this moist soil increased by two- to threefold the observed N2O emissions per kg of dry matter of feed produced. In cattle slurry treatments the effects of soil compaction on N2O emissions were less pronounced. The observed N2O emission per ha and per unit of production were higher with conventional fertilization than with fertilization adapted to organic dairy farming.
Forfattere
Tatsiana EspevigSammendrag
Høy gresskvalitet på golfbaner er i avhengig av optimalt samspill mellom en rekke faktorer. Blant dem er det soppsykdommene som har størst økonomisk betydning, og deres kontroll er en vesentlig del av gress skjøtselen. Utvikling av soppsykdommer eller deres fravær defineres som regel av natur betingelser, skjøtselskvalitet og sortsresistens. Greenkeepere kan unngå mange problemer på golfbaner med riktig skjøtsel som inkluderer vannings regimer, gjødsling, toppdressing, klippe høyde, filt kontroll, surhetsgrad av vekst medier, mengde og naturen av organisk forbedring i dem osv. Riktig og betimelig diagnostisering av en sykdom på gresset er viktig når man velger en strategi for å løse problemet. De viktigste soppsykdommene på golfbaner i Norden er rosa snømugg (Michrodochium nivale), rød trådkølle (Typhula incarnata), Rhizoctonia og Pythium spp., antraknose (Colletotrichum graminicola), rotdreper(Gaeumannomyces graminis og Magnaporthe poae) og andre. Sykdomsdiagnostisering består av en rekke operasjoner som kan utfores av en enkel greenkeeper hvis symptomene på en sykdom er klassiske, eller i diagnostisering lab. Men hvordan kan man finne ut årsak for en sykdom? Hvordan kan man anerkjenne de viktigste patogenene? Hvilke symptomer forventes på planter? Hvilke tegn viser patogen? Foredraget og følgende øvelser hjalp å finne svar på de og andre spørsmålene om diagnostisering av sykdommer på sportsgress.
Forfattere
Inger MartinussenSammendrag
Wild berries are characteristic part of the Northern nature and a potential speciality of Nordic countries. Wild berries are also a rich and valuable resource that has not yet been exploited in a satisfactory level. Approximately 90-95 per cent of the whole wild berry crop yield is left unpicked in the Nordic forests every year. The challenges of the wild berry utilization are similar in Nordic countries - the logistics of berry picking including traceability, fragmented sector structure as well as the high share of unprocessed raw material in export. The Nordic project focusing on bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) "Bilberry: Towards functional food markets" (2007-2009) is a part of the New Nordic Food programme funded by the Nordic Innovation Centre. The programme aims to enhance cooperation and innovation among companies that utilize the natural resources in the Nordic countries. The aim of the project is to improve wild berry production and utilization in the Nordic and global market. To achieve this goal a network between the Nordic experts presenting the different fields of the wild berry sector has been established. The project has focused on marketing research, quality issues, biodiversity and traceability of wild berries, especially bilberry. The results of the marketing survey were published in November 2008. The aim of the survey was to generate an overall picture of the companies working with wild berries in Nordic countries and gather information on the existence and willingness of the berry companies to cooperate for instance in wild berry supply, logistics, marketing or research and development
Forfattere
May-Guri Saethre Arnstein Staverløkk Trond HofsvangSammendrag
The history of Harmonia axyridis and a summary of surveillance & research in Norway till June 2009 are given. H. axyridis was assessed as a potential bio-control agent for use in Norwegian greenhouses in 2001. The risk of establishment outdoors was assessed too high and no permission was given. The first record in Norway was in 2006 when one adult was found on Thuja sp. imported from the Netherlands. In late 2007 and throughout 2008 adults were found indoors/outdoors at several locations in the Oslo-area. Establishment outdoors became evident. Observations in Aust-Agder and Vestfold revealed further spread/introduction to new areas. The bioclimatic potential of H. axyridis was assessed in 2007 by the aid of CLIMEX and national agrometeorological data, showed that suboptimal microclimates for the species can be found in the coastal areas of the south. In late 2008 a web-site was launched aiming to engage the public to submit observations on-line and has contributed to monitor development of the species across the country. Competition experiments with H. axyridis and Coccinella septempunctata in 2008/2009 showed that only H. axyridis eggs & larvae survived when the two species were mixed.
Forfattere
Anne-Kristin LøesSammendrag
The schooldays of European children and youth tend to get longer, and their eating patterns,especially during school hours, are often unsatisfactory. Healthy school food is a logic responseto this situation. Organic food contributes to sustainable nutrition, and hence is an interestingstarting point for healthier menus and food education. The research project "innovative PublicOrganic food Procurement for Youth" (iPOPY) studies efficient ways to implement organic foodin public serving outlets for young people. Out of the four iPOPY funding countries, Finland andItaly serve a warm school meal daily for all pupils, whereas Denmark and Norway rely on packedlunch from home. Italy and Denmark have ambitious goals for organic food in schools, whereasFinland and Norway have not (yet). In Germany, different states have very different school mealsystems, but the interest for organic food is generally high. We argue that school food served in"captive catering" such as found in Finland, financed by the public and made by organic orotherwise sustainable products, has the largest potential to support a sustainable nutrition and -development.
Sammendrag
Mite damage is often considered a spray induced problem. We monitored 12 Norwegian strawberry fields, 6 organic and 6 conventional fields, by sampling leaves two times per year for two years. Young folded leaflets were visually inspected for eggs and adults of strawberry mite (Phytonemus pallidus) and completely unfolded leaves were used for extraction of mobile stages of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychys urticae). The spider mites were examined for infection of the mite-pathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana. Predatory mites (Phytoseiidae) were recorded on both leaf types, and the females mounted and identified. We also sampled leaves from selected plants in the boundary vegetation of most fields, to look for sources of T. urticae, phytoseiids and N. floridana, and soil from each field, to study the natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes. We will present the results on abundance and diversity of the organisms investigated, and discuss similarities and differences between organic and conventional fields.