Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Sammendrag
The status of cereal cultivation in Iceland, northern Norway, Faroe Islands, Orkney and Newfoundland has been studied in a project supported by the Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme (NPA). In Orkney, Iceland and northern Norway cereal cultivation is well established while the Faroe Islands are re-establishing, and Newfoundland is starting, cultivation. The project transfers knowledge between the regions and aims to increase the value of cereal products, indicate new innovative products and increase cultivation of cereals. In this report, the cereal value chain is described to inspire companies and initiators to identify new opportunities and create new jobs. Total cereal grain production in the five regions was about 38,000 tons in 2014 while imports were about 146,000 tons, just for Iceland, Orkney and Newfoundland. The population of the region is about 1.4 million and the annual number of visitors is above 2 million. Considerable amounts of cereal-based products are consumed in the regions. These include many different foods (bakery products, breakfast cereals, snacks, flour, porridges etc.) and beverages (e.g. beer and whisky) and offer many opportunities for using local cereals. Recent trends in the cereal food market are very conducive to the development of new products and greater local production within the project regions. Interest in local food and drinks is increasing and food producers need to respond to increasing demand from visitors. In all of the regions, barley is the most important cereal grown. Barley contains several health-enhancing nutritional components including β-glucan and antioxidants and, with growing awareness of the need for healthy eating, there is increased interest in it as a raw material for the food industry. Barley is also used for the production of malt which is a key ingredient for the production of beer and whisky. The number of microbreweries has grown and they are now found in remote regions. For breweries to distinguish themselves from competitors, product differentiation is becoming increasingly important and an attractive way of doing this is to use local ingredients (barley, malt and herbs). However, in order to utilise local barley for beverage production, it will usually be necessary to develop a local capacity for malting.
Sammendrag
We investigate a set of long-term (several decades) time series for the runoff at river gauges at daily resolution. They are monitored by the Agencia Nacional de Aguas, and time series provided by the Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico, Brazil. A total of 150 time series was obtained, with an average length of 73 years. Both long-term trends as well as the influence of extreme events on the dynamical behaviour are analyzed. We use Horizontal Visibility Graphs (HVGs) to determine the individual temporal networks for the time series, and extract their degree distributions. Statistical and information-theoretic properties of these distributions are calculated: robust estimators of skewness and kurtosis, the maximum degree occurring in the time series, the Shannon entropy, permutation complexity and Fisher Information. For the latter, we also compare the information measures obtained from the degree distributions to those using the original time series directly, to investigate the impact of graph construction on the dynamical properties as reflected in these measures. Focus is on one hand on universal properties of the HVG, common to all runoff series, and on site-specific aspects on the other. We show that a specific pretreatment of the time series conventional in hydrology, the elimination of seasonality by a separate z-transformation for each calendar day, is highly detrimental to the nonlinear behaviour. It changes long-term correlations and the overall dynamic towards more random behaviour. Analysis based on the transformed data easily leads to spurious results, and bear a high risk of misinterpretation.
Sammendrag
Effects of controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions on physiological disorders and fungal fruit decay on apple ‘Aroma’ were investigated. Fruit from three growing seasons were stored at 1% or 2% O2 (both at 2% CO2) at either 1°C or 3°C in small research units; controls were kept in the same ventilated rooms at the two temperatures (ambient air). The fruit were removed from storage after four or six months and assessed for fruit decay immediately afterwards and after two weeks at 20°C. Fruit quality parameters were recorded at the end of storage. On a three-year average, fruit stored in CA was less ripe at the end of storage. After both four and six months storage, CA reduced total decay (physiological disorders and fungal decay) by on average 70% and 45%, respectively, compared to storage in ambient air. Senescent breakdown was lower after CA storage for four months, but not after six months and not after simulated shelf life. Soft scald was lower when stored in CA both after cold storage at 1°C and simulated shelf life. After storage at 3°C there was lower incidence of soft scald when stored in CA after four months, but not after six months. For fungal fruit decay in general, there was no effect of low oxygen, however, 2% O2 gave slightly less bitter rot (Colletotrichum acutatum) than 1% O2 and significantly less than ambient air after simulated shelf life. Averaged over all oxygen levels, 1°C gave significantly less bitter rot than 3°C. It may be concluded that use of CA for storage of ‘Aroma’ is a good way of reducing development of physiological disorders. However, development of bitter rot seemed to be more influenced by temperature and storage time than by low O2.
Sammendrag
The density and diversity of springtails (Collembola) in the upper soil layer (0–3.8 cm) were studied in a perennial grass-clover ley in NW Norway during April–June 2012. The study was part of a field experiment comparing yields and soil characteristics after application of non-digested slurry (NS) versus anaerobically digested slurry (DS) from dairy cows. In total for three sampling dates, 39 species of springtails were identified. In the Control plots receiving no manure, the density level was around 30 000 individuals (ind.) m−2 throughout the whole season. Three days after slurry application (40 t ha−1), the density of springtails had dropped significantly; from 55 214 to 7410 ind. m−2 in the NS treatment and from 41 914 to 10 260 ind. m−2 in the DS treatment. After 7 weeks the densities had increased again to 54% and 38% of the initial levels in NS and DS treatments, respectively. The springtails were divided into two ecological groups based on morphology and colour. The epigeic group comprised surface-dwelling species with eye organs and pigmentation. The endogeic group comprised soil-dwelling species lacking eye organs and pigmentation, and generally with shorter extremities than those found in the epigeic group. The negative effect of manure application on density was more severe and long-lasting in the epigeic than in the endogeic group. This effect was similar for both manure types. One species (Parisotoma notabilis) comprised 50% of the epigeic population, while three Mesaphorura spp. and Stanaphorura lubbocki comprised half the endogeic population. In general, the community structure, described by the relative abundance of each species, was more affected by manure application in the epigeic than in the endogeic group. Hence, slurry application seemed to affect surface-dwelling species more negatively than soil- dwelling species, even within the small sampling depth used here. The density of endogeic species seemed to recover faster than the density of the epigeic species. A simplified classification of epigeic and endogeic springtails, based on the presence or absence of pigmentation and eyes, may be useful in studies of soil springtails where identification of the actual species is not the primary purpose.
Forfattere
Sebastian Sippel Holger Lange Miguel D. Mahecha Michael Hauhs Paul Bodesheim Thomas W. Kaminski Fabian Gans Osvaldo A. RossoSammendrag
Data analysis and model-data comparisons in the environmental sciences require diagnostic measures that quantify time series dynamics and structure, and are robust to noise in observational data. This paper investigates the temporal dynamics of environmental time series using measures quantifying their information content and complexity. The measures are used to classify natural processes on one hand, and to compare models with observations on the other. The present analysis focuses on the global carbon cycle as an area of research in which model-data integration and comparisons are key to improving our understanding of natural phenomena. We investigate the dynamics of observed and simulated time series of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), a key variable in terrestrial ecosystems that quantifies ecosystem carbon uptake. However, the dynamics, patterns and magnitudes of GPP time series, both observed and simulated, vary substantially on different temporal and spatial scales. We demonstrate here that information content and complexity, or Information Theory Quantifiers (ITQ) for short, serve as robust and efficient data-analytical and model benchmarking tools for evaluating the temporal structure and dynamical properties of simulated or observed time series at various spatial scales. At continental scale, we compare GPP time series simulated with two models and an observations-based product. This analysis reveals qualitative differences between model evaluation based on ITQ compared to traditional model performance metrics, indicating that good model performance in terms of absolute or relative error does not imply that the dynamics of the observations is captured well. Furthermore, we show, using an ensemble of site-scale measurements obtained from the FLUXNET archive in the Mediterranean, that model-data or model-model mismatches as indicated by ITQ can be attributed to and interpreted as differences in the temporal structure of the respective ecological time series. At global scale, our understanding of C fluxes relies on the use of consistently applied land models. Here, we use ITQ to evaluate model structure: The measures are largely insensitive to climatic scenarios, land use and atmospheric gas concentrations used to drive them, but clearly separate the structure of 13 different land models taken from the CMIP5 archive and an observations-based product. In conclusion, diagnostic measures of this kind provide dataanalytical tools that distinguish different types of natural processes based solely on their dynamics, and are thus highly suitable for environmental science applications such as model structural diagnostics.
Forfattere
Sanford D. Eigenbrode A. Nicholas E. Birch Summer Lindzey Richard Meadow William E. SnyderSammendrag
1. Push-pull or stimulo-deterrent cropping systems combine a trap crop or other attractant or arrestant stimulus distant from the crop and a deterrent or repellent near or within the target crop, to divert pests, reducing their populations on the target crop. Although the concept is decades old, there are few successful applications in pest management. 2. In this article, we address this shortcoming by offering a mechanistic conceptual framework of push-pull systems, based on the cues, sensory modalities, pest behaviours and spatial ranges over which they can occur during host selection and that can influence pest distribution. 3. We review published work on push-pull systems in the light of this framework, finding that the literature tends to focus on longer-range stimulo-deterrence strategies rather than the full range of cues involved and modalities that can come into play, with imperfect understanding of cues involved in most systems. 4. The imbalance in research emphasis and incomplete understanding of push-pull mechanisms suggest opportunities to improve and broaden the palette of potential push-pull technologies. 5. The framework also helps clarify other aspects important for achieving success with push-pull methods, including the role of synergy, deployment geometry, intraspecific variability and the wider arthropod community in these systems. 6. Synthesis and applications. A conceptual and mechanistic framework is provided for the development of push-pull or stimulo-deterrent pest management approaches. This framework informs a proposed research agenda for designing push-pull technologies. That agenda involves including all cues and modalities, exploiting synergies, tuning deployment geometry in accordance with these factors. It also considers pest and crop dynamics and the arthropod community of the system. The framework can benefit managers by helping them to consider more fully the behaviour of the target pests when creating crop and non-crop geometries to achieve push-pull benefits. Research-based push-pull systems will be better implemented and modified by producers if they understand how insects respond to sources of push and pull in the system, allowing effective monitoring and fine-tuning to increase effectiveness of this specialized component of integrated pest management.
Sammendrag
Det overordnede målet med denne utredningen er å bidra til et første steg på vegen for økt konkurransekraft innen grøntsektoren i Norge gjennom automatisering av manuelle, ressurskrevende oppgaver. Utredningen består av to hoveddeler; i første del kartlegges behovet for automatisering sett fra grøntprodusentenes side ved hjelp av en spørreundersøkelse. I andre del utredes eksisterende og kommende teknologi relevant for grøntsektoren i Norge. Avslutningsvis evalueres de teknologiske løsningene med hensyn til potensialet for tilpasning/videreutvikling til norske forhold. I samarbeid med Gartnerhallen og Bama ble det utarbeidet et spørreskjema som ble sendt ut til 346 utvalgte produsenter i Gartnerhallens leverandørregister. Av disse svarte 136, noe som gir en svarprosent på 39. Hver produsent kunne velge å besvare spørsmål relatert til maksimalt tre av sine produksjoner/vekster, og resultatene omfatter 200 vekstspesifikke svar, som representerer 29 ulike vekster. Det var flest svar knyttet til produksjon av jordbær (14% av alle varene) og bringebær (14%), fulgt av kålrot (10%), kål (8%), agurk (6%), tomat (6%) og isbergsalat (5%). For 10 av vekstene var det bare svar fra én produsent. Resultatene viste blant annet at bruk av innled arbeidskraft utgjør en betydelig kostnad. Sett over alle vekster utgjorde kostnaden for sesongarbeidere over 20% av totalkostnadene i 75% av svarene. I 23% av svarene bidro denne posten med over halvparten av totalkostnadene forbundet med produksjonen. Av vekstene med mest robust tallmateriale (flest svar) lå jordbær og bringebær øverst med en gjennomsnittlig kostnad for innleid arbeidskraft på hhv. 42 og 45% av de totale produksjonskostnadene. Ikke overraskende viste resultatene videre at innhøsting skjer overveiende manuelt. En annen utpreget manuell arbeidsoppgave var såing/setting/planting. For øvrig var det store variasjoner mellom de ulike produksjonene. Produsentene bidro med mange forslag til hvilke arbeidsoperasjoner fra egen produksjon som egner seg for robotisering, og som bør prioriteres i det videre FoU-arbeidet. På tvers av vekster ble følgende operasjoner hyppigst nevnt; ugrasbekjempelse, øvrig plantevern, gjødsling, vanning, tynning/beskjæring og innhøsting. Informasjon om eksisterende og kommende teknologi ble skaffet til veie gjennom deltagelse på forskningskonferanser, besøk hos en rekke sentrale robotmiljøer i Europa, og ved hjelp av e- postkorrespondanse og bruk av internett. Det skal nevnes at det nærmest daglig publiseres nyheter på robotfronten, slik at denne utredningen bør betraktes som ferskvare. Resultatene ble delt inn i følgende seks grupper; 1) roboter for planting og poding, 2) roboter for ugrasfjerning og tynning, 3) roboter for beskjæring og blomstertynning av frukttrær, 4) roboter for innhøsting, 5) roboter som dekker flere bruksområder, og 6) andre roboter og automatiserte løsninger. De fleste teknologiske nyvinningene presentert i utredningen vil kunne egne seg for tilpasning/videreutvikling til norske forhold. Ut fra en evaluering basert på produsentenes behov, hvilken vekst teknologien er tilpasset, sannsynlig pris og tilgjengelighet ble fem prototyper/systemer vurdert til å ha et spesielt stort potensial i Norge. Dette omfatter i uprioritert rekkefølge; en robot for plantebehandling i radkulturer (videreutvikling av Adigos konsept), utstyr for behovstilpasset tynning av fruktblomster (tilpasning av Darwin-systemet), en høsterobot for jordbær (tilpasning av Agrobot), en høsterobot for bringebær (videreutvikling av NIBIOs høsterobot for sukkererter), samt en høstrobot for brokkoli (tilpasning av Agritronics prototyp).
Sammendrag
Water quality problems in Norway are caused mainly by high phosphorus (P) inputs from catchment areas. Multiple pollution sources contributes to P inputs into watercourses, and the two main sources in rural areas are agricultural runoff and discharge from on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs). To reduce these inputs, Constructed wetlands (CWs) treating catchment runoff have been implemented in Norway since early 1990s. These CWs have been proven effective as supplements to agricultural best management practices for water quality improvements and therefore there are more than 1000 CWs established in Norway at present. This study aims to present some overall data on the present status of CWs treating catchment runoff in Norway, and in particular recent results of source tracking and retention of sediments and total phosphorus (TP) in a model, full-scale, long-term operated CW, which in practice treats runoff from a typical rural catchment with pollution from both point and diffuse sources. Nutrient contributions from agricultural runoff and OWTSs have been quantified in eight catchments, while the source tracking and retention of sediments and P has been studied in the model CW. P runoff in the catchments was largely affected by precipitation and runoff situation, and varied both throughout the year (every single year) and from one year to another. Annual TP contribution that origins from OWTSs was in general limited, and only 1 % in the catchment of the model CW. Monthly contribution, however, was higher than 30 % during warm/dry season, and cold months with frost season. For the purpose of source tracking study, faecal indicator bacteria (reported in terms of Escherichia coli - E. coli) and host-specific 16S rRNA gene markers Bacteroidales have been applied. High E.coli concentrations were well associated with high TP inputs into waterbodies during dry or/and cold season with little or no agriculture runoff, and further microbial source tracking (MST) tests proved human contribution. There are considerable variations in retention of sediments and TP in the CW between the years, and the annual yearly retention was about 38 % and 16 %, respectively. During the study period, the average monthly retention of sediments and TP was 54 % and 32 %, respectively. E. coli concentrations were also reduced in water passing the CW. The study confirmed that runoff from agricultural areas is the main P source in watercourses, however, discharges from OWTS can also be of great importance for the water quality, especially during warm/dry- and cold/frosty periods. Small CWs treating catchment runoff contribute substantially to the reduction of sediments, TP and faecal indicator bacteria transport into water recipients.
Forfattere
Irene Biancarosa Marit Espe Christian Guido Bruckner Svenja Heesch Nina Sylvia Liland Rune Waagbø Bente Elisabeth Torstensen Erik-Jan LockSammendrag
The Norwegian seaweed industry is expanding and there is a need for accurate estimates of protein content of seaweed species from Norwegian waters. A solid method to calculate protein content is through the sum of the proteomic amino acids; however, it can be expensive and beyond the capacities of many laboratories. The most commonly used method to quantify protein is based on the assessment of crude protein from overall nitrogen content, using the traditional nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25. However, this approach can be inaccurate when applied to seaweeds, often resulting in an overestimation of their protein content. Specific nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors, calculated from amino acid composition and total nitrogen, give a more reliable protein quantification in seaweeds. However, no such factors are available for species from Norwegian waters. This study was designed to characterize the amino acid composition of 21 seaweed species from Norwegian waters and use the amino acid data to estimate protein contents of the seaweeds. Crude protein analysis (nitrogen × 6.25) was performed and resulted in overestimation (18–44 %) of the protein content compared to the sum of proteomic amino acids. Specific nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors, calculated for each species, ranged from 3.53 ± 0.1 to 5.13 ± 0.1. This study provides nutritional data on Norwegian seaweeds, covering a relatively wide range of species. Moreover, it is the first study to assess nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors on such species.
Forfattere
Thomas Gschwantner Adrian Lanz Claude Vidal Michal Bosela Lucio Di Cosmo Jonas Fridman Patrizia Gasparini Andrius Kuliesis Stein Michael Tomter Klemens SchadauerSammendrag
Key message The increment estimation methods of European NFIs were explored by means of 12 essential NFI features. The results indicate various differences among NFIs within the commonly acknowledged methodological frame. The perspectives for harmonisation at the European level are promising. Context The estimation of increment is implemented differently in European National Forest Inventories (NFIs) due to different historical origins of NFIs and sampling designs and field assessments accommodated to country-specific conditions. The aspired harmonisation of increment estimation requires a comparison and an analysis of NFI methods. Aims The objective was to investigate the differences in volume increment estimation methods used in European NFIs. The conducted work shall set a basis for harmonisation at the European level which is needed to improve information on forest resources for various strategic processes. Methods A comprehensive enquiry was conducted during Cost Action FP1001 to explore the methods of increment estimation of 29 European NFIs. The enquiry built upon the preceding Cost Action E43 and was complemented by an analysis of literature to demonstrate the methodological backgrounds. Results The comparison of methods revealed differences concerning the NFI features such as sampling grids, periodicity of assessments, permanent and temporary plots, use of remote sensing, sample tree selection, components of forest growth, forest area changes, sampling thresholds, field measurements, drain assessment, involved models and tree parts included in estimates. Conclusion Increment estimation methods differ considerably among European NFIs. Their harmonisation introduces new issues into the harmonisation process. Recent accomplishments and the increased use of sample-based inventories in Europe make perspectives for harmonised reporting of increment estimation promising.