Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Sammendrag
A climate change mitigation mechanism for emissions reduction from reduced deforestation and forest degradation, plus forest conservation, sustainable management of forest, and enhancement of carbon stocks (REDD +), has received an international political support in the climate change negotiations. The mechanism will require, among others, an unprecedented technical capacity for monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon emissions from the forest sector. A functional monitoring, reporting and verification requires inventories of forest area, carbon stock and changes, both for the construction of forest reference emissions level and compiling the report on the actual emissions, which are essentially lacking in developing countries, particularly in Africa. The purpose of this essay is to contribute to a better understanding of the state and prospects of forest monitoring and reporting in the context of REDD+ in Africa. We argue that monitoring and reporting capacities in Africa fall short of the stringent requirements of the methodological guidance for monitoring, reporting and verification for REDD+, and this may weaken the prospects for successfully implementing REDD+ in the continent. We presented the challenges and prospects in the national forest inventory, remote sensing and reporting infrastructures. A North–South, South–South collaboration as well as governments own investments in monitoring, reporting and verification system could help Africa leapfrog in monitoring and reporting. These could be delivered through negotiations for the transfer of technology,technical capacities, and experiences that exist among developed countries that traditionally compile forest carbon reports in the context of the Kyoto protocol.
Sammendrag
Increased occurrence of drought and dry spells during the growing season have resulted in increased interest in protection of tropical water catchment areas. In Mgeta, a water catchment area in the Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania, water used for vegetable and fruit production is provided through canals from the Uluguru South Forest Reserve. The clearing of forest land for cultivation in the steep slopes in the area is causing severe land degradation, which is threatening the water catchment area, livelihoods, and food security of the local communities, as well as the major population centers in the lowlands. In this paper, the economic performance of a traditional cropping-livestock system with East African (EA)-goats and pigs and extensive vegetable production is compared with a more sustainable and environmentally friendly crop-dairy goat production system. A linear programming (LP) crop-livestock model, maximizing farm income considering the environmental constraints in the area was applied for studying the economic performance of dairy goats in the production system. The model was worked out for the rainy and dry seasons and the analysis was conducted for a basic scenario representing the current situation, based on the variability in the 30 years period from 1982-2012, and in a scenario of both lower crop yields and increased crop variability due to climate change. Data obtained from a sample of 60 farmers that were interviewed using a questionnaire was used to develop and parameterize the model. The study found that in the steep slopes of the area, a crop-dairy goat system with extensive use of grass and multipurpose trees (MPTs) would do better than the traditional vegetable gardening with the EA goat production system. The crop-dairy goat system was superior both in the basic and in a climate change scenario since the yield variation of the grass and MPTs system was less affected compared to vegetable crops due to more tree cover and the use of perennial grasses. However, the goat milk production in the area was constrained by inadequate feeding and lack of an appropriate breeding program. Hence, farmers should enhance goat milk production by supplementing with more concentrate feed and by implementing goat-breeding principles. Moreover, policy measures to promote such a development are briefly discussed.
Forfattere
Åshild Kristine Andreassen Anne Marie Bakke Olavi Junttila Arne Mikalsen Ville Erling Sipinen Rose Vikse Per Brandtzæg Knut Helkås Dahl Knut Tomas Dalen Richard Meadow Inger Elisabeth Måren Kaare Magne Nielsen Monica Sanden Hilde-Gunn Opsahl SortebergSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Mekjell Meland Clive KaiserSammendrag
Prohexadione-Ca, an acylcylohexadione, is a plant growth retardant jointly developed by BASF, Germany and Kumiai Chemical Industry, Japan. In 2012, a trial on 11-year-old 'Aroma'/'M 9' apple trees growing on the experimental farm at NIBIO Ullensvang, western Norway was initiated. Trees were treated with prohexadione-Ca (trade name Regalis®, 10% prohexadione-Ca as active ingredient) 10 days after full bloom (June 6) at concentrations of 125 or 250 g ha-1; other trees were also sprayed 10 days after full bloom and again one month later (July 5) at the same concentrations and compared against an untreated control. Treatments were applied to individual whole trees in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Prohexadione-Ca treatments significantly reduced shoot growth of treated apple trees. Two treatments with 125 g or one treatment of 250 g reduced growth by ~80%. Prohexadione-Ca had little effect on yield and fruit quality. Shoot growth was also retarded in the year following application and this is attributed to a carry over effect of the prohexadione-Ca application(s).
Forfattere
Alexander Kopatz Hans Geir Eiken Rolf Randa Egon Sotkajærvi Paul Eric Aspholm Ida Marie Luna Fløystad Julia Schregel Siv Aarnes Snorre HagenSammendrag
Brunbjørn bestanden I Pasvikdalen I Sør Varanger I Finnmark har vært overvåket med feltinnsamling av ekskrementer og hår til DNA analyse siden 2005. I 2007, 2011 og 1015 ble hårfeller systematisk plassert i det trilaterale grenseområdet i Pasvik (Norge), Enare (Finland) og Pechenga (Russland) for å bestemme mer presist et minimum antall bjørner. Vi har i 2016 brukt nøyaktig den samme metodologien med 20 hårfeller i et 5 km x km rutenett i de nordlige delene av Pasvikdalen. Dette området har ikke før vært undersøkt systematisk med hårfeller. I løpet av 2 måneder (juniaugust) samlet vi inn 77 hårprøver og identifiserte 10 ulike brunbjørner (6 hoer og 4 hanner). Av disse var det 5 bjørner som var påvist i tidligere års DNA overvåkning, mens 5 bjørner (4 hoer og 1 hann) ble påvist for første gang i dette prosjektet.
Forfattere
Stein Michael TomterSammendrag
Rapporten «Analyser av skogressursene i Hedmark» gir en oversikt over tilgjengelige skogressurser i Hedmark de neste 30 år. I beregningene av dagens stående volum i hogstmoden skog (hogstklasse V), samt volum i skog som vil bli hogstmoden de kommende 30 år, er det tatt hensyn til miljørestriksjoner samt driftskostnader. Resultatene vises i form av tabeller og figurer der det er gjort ulike fratrekk for å ta høgde for reduksjoner grunnet miljøhensyn, driftskostnader og svinn. Samtidig er det utarbeidet avvirkningsscenarier over ulike investeringsnivåer i skogkultur 100 år framover i tid. Skogens langsiktige produksjonsnivå utover 100 år blir også estimert, under forutsetning av at skogkulturinnsatsen og vekstbetingelsene opprettholdes på de samme alternative nivåer. Vi har utarbeidet fem ulike avvirkningsscenarier. Fire av dem tar utgangspunkt i produktivt skogareal med visse fratrekk grunnet driftsforhold og driftsnetto. For sammenligningens skyld inkluderer ett scenario alt produktivt skogareal uten spesielle restriksjoner for skogbruket. Den framtidige tilstanden i dagens hogstklasse II (ungskog) er beregnet ut fra arealfordelinger med utgangspunkt i regulert treantall, det vil si trær som vi antar vil utgjøre det framtidige bestandet, samt bonitetsklasser. På tilsvarende måte er også behovet for ungskogpleie i eksisterende ungskog estimert for ulike bonitets- og treslagsklasser. Egne analyser er utført for den nordlige og den sydlige regionen av fylket. Den nordlige regionen består av kommunene Stor-Elvdal, Rendalen, Engerdal, Tolga, Tynset, Alvdal, Folldal og Os. Den sydlige regionen utgjøres av kommunene Hamar, Kongsvinger, Ringsaker, Løten, Stange, NordOdal, Sør-Odal, Eidskog, Grue, Åsnes, Våler, Elverum, Trysil og Åmot.
Sammendrag
Understanding the influence of weathering factors and the material degradation mechanisms are fundamental for modelling the weathering process of wood. The goal of this work was to investigate the combined effect of time and exposure on the physical-chemical mechanisms of wood weathering. Four exposure directions (North, South, East and West) were investigated. Experimental tests were performed for 28 days through July, which according to previous research is considered as the most severe period for weathering of wood micro-sections. Measurements of samples included: photogrammetry, near and mid infrared spectroscopy, colour measurement, SEM observation and visual assessment. Parameters obtained by measuring the weathered surfaces with various sensors were compared with the subjective visual assessment by an expert evaluator. Algorithm based on multi sensor data fusion allowing calculation of the “weathering indicator” was developed. It was concluded that the progress of degradation is clearly correlated to the solar radiation and the exposure direction seems to have a clear effect on the degradation intensity.
Forfattere
Eivind SolbakkenSammendrag
Denne rapporten presenterer resultater fra jordsmonnkartlegging av potensiell dyrkingsjord i to delområder på Haslemoen. Kartlagt areal utgjør til sammen 3390 daa. Jorda i område 0-5 domineres av jordsmonn som tilhører WRB-gruppene Podzols, Histosols og Cambisols, mens område 6-9 domineres av Cambisols, Stagnosols og Gleysols. Mesteparten av jordsmonnet tilhører jordressursklasse 2, ingen eller små begrensninger, med henholdsvis 68 og 92 prosent av arealet i de to områdene. Arealer som kommer i jordressursklasse 3 og 4, moderate og store begrensninger, er dårlig drenert mineraljord med et organisk overflatesjikt og myrjord med torvtykkelse større enn 40 cm.
Sammendrag
Herbivory by insects and mites on physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) seedlings was investigated and compared with irrigation in the semi-arid Sahelian Niger, utilizing a randomized complete block design experiment. Three water treatment protocols were applied and the types of damage were recorded. Less than 5% of the seedlings died during the 10-month trial period with sap suckers causing the most damage on the surviving plants. Plants with high production of biomass and leaf cover (foliage) were most strongly positively correlated with irrigation and were also the plants that endured the highest degree of herbivory. The low dieback may indicate that defence mechanisms counteract seedling herbivory and that drought-stressed plants invest more in their defence mechanism system than vital plants.
Forfattere
Leif Sundheim Åshild Ergon Christer Magnusson Jan Netland Egil Prestløkken Arild Sletten May Sæthre Elin Thingnæs Lid Tron Øystein Gifstad Micael Wendell Guro Brodal Halvor Solheim Anne Marte Tronsmo Bjørn Økland Trond RafossSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag