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Publikasjoner

NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.

2002

Sammendrag

This dissertation addresses questions of timber quality in the interface between the forestry and the sawmill. The labour was carried out in an industrial environment for the benefit of the sawmill industry and - in a wider scope - for the entire wood chain. Specimens from a total of more than three thousand five hundred softwood sawlogs and trees were investigated for heartwood, spiral grain or log geometry. Applying analytic and statistical tools, several models for wood properties were built. For pine heartwood the samples spanned most growth conditions and forested areas in the Scandinavian Peninsula. Age was found to be the predominant factor in heartwood formation. A global model termed the Heartwood Age Law could be recognised: Heartwood age, at arbitrary height in the tree, equals the square root of cambial age less three, to the second power. This finding might be used for heartwood modelling. Based on temperature gradients between the sap- and heartwood, an algorithm for calculating the heartwood diameter fraction in an IR image was established. Used in conjunction with a scanner, the following model was established: Top end heartwood diameter might be calculated by multiplying top end diameter observed in a shadow scanner with heartwood diameter fraction estimated from an IR image of arbitrary end of the log. The observed temperature gradient between heart- and sapwood indicated the accuracy of the method. In the industry, IR heartwood detection might be applied in sorting sawlogs to produce timber of distinct properties. Further, correlation to properties like ring width and knots, and to time since harvest, was suggested. A constant change rate in grain angle was found for the mature part of spruce sawlogs. Albeit great variability in intercept and inclination, a linear pattern in grain angle to radial distance from the pith prevailed for specimens from both of the two separated Nordic samples. A combined model including the juvenile zone around the pith was suggested. Two parameters are sufficient to model the grain angle for the entire radial range from the pith to the mantle in any spruce specimen. The main impact of the finding might be for use in modelling and simulation. Derived from observations in a 3D scanner, four parameters describing the centroid of sawlogs were calculated. Based on these parameters several distinct crook types could be classified in an automated routine: First, straight logs were separated from crooked ones; then smooth and simple sweep (that might be accepted in sawlogs) were separated from abrupt crook. Even more specific crook classes could be identified. In an industrial application, this model might increase the speed and reliability of sawlog classification. Observing the log diameter on or under bark and the cross-sectional shape of a sawlog both have an impact on the yield. Optimal yield was only obtained after accurate observing the diameter under bark, integrated in the conversion process. Based on actually observed crosscut shapes, simulation indicated that this strategy might produce up to one tenth more main yield as compared to diameter observation in one direction before barking. Other methods were intermediate. Further investigations analysing the variation in crosscut shape along the stem and the accuracy of observation were recommended.

Sammendrag

Det er stort behov for utvikling av gode grøntanlegg til lek, trim og rekreasjon der folk bor. Imidlertid blir det satset alt for lite på en nyutvikling på dette området. Det er behov for forskning og utvikling innenfor planlegging, plantevalg, etablering og skjøtsel. Resultatene vil kunne bidra til høyere kvalitet og at vi får mer igjen for kronene som investeres.

Sammendrag

Høsten 2001 fikk vi anledning til å delta på 43rd Christmas Tree Fair & Trade Show i Portland, Oregon. Dette er en samling som arrangeres av Pacific Northwest Christmas Tree Association (PNWCTA), og den finner sted hvert år i september. PNWCTA er foreningen for juletredyrkere i Washington og Oregon, men med en god del medlemmer fra tilgrensende stater. Messen kan til en viss grad sammenliknes med Langesømessen i Danmark, men Christmas Tree Fair har mye mindre omfang.

Sammendrag

Våren 2001 kom det tilsyne en gruppevis skranting/avdøing av bartre i flere kommuner i Romsdal med Nesset og Rauma kommuner som sentrum. Symptomene var utglisning og avdøing i toppen. Ved sterk skade tørket trea helt ut. Gran var mest utsatt, men enkelte steder ble furu også skadd. Skadene opptrådte på grunn mark og den så ut til å utvikle seg noe utover sommeren 2001. Årsaken til denne skaden ser ut til å være den usedvanlige tørre og milde høsten i 2000. I september - november kom det ca. 15 % av det normale med nedbør. I tillegg var disse månedene usedvanlig milde med rundt 3 C mildere enn normalt. Dette har ført til stort tørkestress og gitt skader på utsatte tre. Insektangrep i allerede skadde tre sommeren 2001 har utvidet skadene.