Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2003
Forfattere
Ronald BjøruSammendrag
From a point of near extinction about 50 years ago (1955) - the indigenous sheep of Norway is today spread along the coast from Rogaland in the south to Troms in the north and numbers approx. 30 000 wintering sheep, with some 3-400 owners. This breed of sheep is tough, and utilizes marginal grazing areas, can manage to graze during the winter season in the mild Atlantic climate along the Norwegian coast if the snow layer does not get to deep, and can also manage well without housing. The meat is special, and differs from ordinary sheep meat. This production is therefore low-cost, both concerning buildings and demand for silage or hay, not to mention additional feeding supplements. This - together with utilization of areas not suitable for other production - was the start of the popularity for this sheep, and the breed slowly increased in numbers from 1975 and up to 1990. Since then the number has increased rapidly. During the 1990"s, the producers organized themselves as a company having a high price for the meat as one of the main goals. The success of this marketing project is the main cause for the popularity of the sheep, and the rapid increase in number. This paper/presentation deals with the factors that made this a success, and also looks at the challenges ahead, especially concerning a more regional model for marketing and selling, how to guarantee the quality of the product, and the ethic aspects of this production
Forfattere
Arve ArsteinSammendrag
I samarbeid med Etne, Ølen og Vindafjord forsøksring og andre forsøksringar i Hordaland og Sogn og Fjordane vart det i 2001 starta eit prosjekt der målet er: * Å demonstrere metode for innsåing av kløver og raigras eller timotei i eng og beite. * Finne fram til rett driftsopplegg etter innsåing for å få best mogeleg resultat av innsåinga. * Betre nitrogenforsyning til eng og beite i økologisk drift I eit nyleg avslutta europeisk forskingsprosjekt ("Oversåing av kvitkløver i etablert grasmark") blir det skilt mellom oversåing og direktesåing. Oversåing vert definert som ein lågkostmetode for etablering av nye planter i eng utan noko form for såbedpreparering. I praksis er dette breisåing av frø over ei langfingerharv etterfølgd av trommel. For å lukkast med oversåing vert det peika på tre nøkkelfaktorar: 1. Preparering av grassvoren før såing 2. Tidspunkt for såing 3. Tiltak i etterkant av såinga
Forfattere
Arve ArsteinSammendrag
Tørt og kaldt verlag i november og desember i fjor etterfylgt av mildversperiodar og regn i januar gav eit uvanleg tjukt isdekke på enga i store delar av Sogn og Fjordane. Isen fekk tidleg stor merksemd sidan ein kattapiss-liknande eim la seg i dalbotnane og var til ubehag for folk flest. Dette skuldast oppblomstring av bakteriar under isen på solrike dagar.
Forfattere
Dag-Arne Eide Arve ArsteinSammendrag
To gjødslingar og to slåttar gjev større avling og betre fôrkvalitet enn same gjødselmengde brukt til ein slått. Tek ein omsyn til meirarbeid med to slåttar og meir haustbeite etter berre ein slått, er likevel begge driftsopplegga aktuelle avhengig av kor mykje beite- og slåtteareal den einskilde bonde har til rådvelde i høve til dyretalet. Dette er nokre av konklusjonane etter ein 3-årig forsøksserie forsøksringane i Sogn og Fjordane no har avslutta.
Forfattere
Arve Arstein Øyvind VatshelleSammendrag
Mildveret tidleg i mars har redusert eller fjerna isdekke fleire stader, men i indre strok av fylka ligg det framleis til dels tjukt isdekke. Det er såleis ikkje vanskeleg å forstå at ein er uroleg for vinterskadd eng til våren. Men røynsle frå ulike delar av landet viser at det godt kan gå bra. Lengda av isdekke betyr mykje.
Sammendrag
Biologisk mangfold, kulturminner og andre verdier i det tradisjonelle kulturlandskapet er ikke bare en verdifull arv, men også ressurser som kan legge grunnlag for nye arbeidsplasser og økt næringsutvikling i Norge. Verdiene ivaretas best gjennom et levende og multifunksjonelt landbruk som i tillegg til å produsere mat også produserer ulike former for opplevelser og får betalt for det. Gjengroing av landskapet fører til tap av biologisk mangfold, tap av nasjonal identitet og dårligere matvaresikkerhet.
Forfattere
Heidi Kitti Bruce Forbes Jari Oksanen Christian Uhlig Päivi SoppelaSammendrag
Research on reindeer pastures has mostly concentrated on lichen-dominated winter pastures, while summer pastures have gained less attention. We studied the effect of reindeer grazing on the quality of summer pastures in the Näkkälä reindeer herding district, northern Finland. The study plots on wetlands were established based on reindeer herders" knowledge and are situated on both sides of the border fence that was built between Finland and Norway in the late 1950"s. On the Finnish side the pastures are grazed both in summer and winter but in Norway only in winter. This has resulted in a natural long-term experimental design by which differently managed sites with ostensibly similar vegetation, soils and environmental conditions can be compared. The parameters studied were the composition, cover and structure of vegetation, peak season biomass and soil nutrient-content. In addition, minerals, nitrogen and digestibility of green leaf tissues from Eriophorum angustifolium and Salix lapponum were measured. These were prominent species in the habitats used by animals during summer. The leaves were collected both in the beginning and at the end of growing season. Vegetation composition, cover, structure and species frequencies were measured using standardized protocols and stratified random sampling methods. Biomass was studied by clipping the plants from the same quadrats after counting. Preliminary results indicate that Salix lapponum suffers from grazing. Plant cover, biomass and height of S. lapponum were significant lower on the Finnish side compared to the Norwegian side. While the amount of S. lapponum available as forage has clearly been reduced by long-term summer grazing under the recent stocking rates, ongoing analyses will determine whether or not forage quality has also been affected. In addition, fenced enclosures will illuminate the resilience of this important forage species.
Forfattere
Christian Uhlig Alexander Zink Timo KumpulaSammendrag
Mammalian herbivores generally influence their pastures significantly. However, detectable changes in pastures due to grazing activities are rather difficult to classify and their practical usability for herders are therefore generally low.The aim of this research was to create a general concept for field observations to estimate the state of reindeer pastures. Furthermore, the object was to compare obtained results with remote sensing data.
Forfattere
Christian Uhlig Melanie Christoph Rainer HornSammendrag
Winter damage of meadows is a serious problem for agriculture in Norway. Unfavorable physical conditions for plant survival include freezing, desiccation, and ice/ water cover. Excess of soil water, particularly in winter and spring, is regarded as one of the most im-portant factors causing heavy yield reduction and poor persistence. One of the major causes for the occurrence of seasonally waterlogged conditions in northern ecosystems is the development of a continuous frozen layer during the period of annual frost in the winter. During spring melting periods, the annual frost table gradually disappears and causes water from melting snow and thawing soil to accumulate in overlaying soil layers. Once the annual frost has dissipated, well-drained conditions may prevail. The present study investigated seasonal changes in soil redox potential and soil water chemistry at one culti-vated and one non-cultivated site at Alta, Northern Norway. Soils at both sites were con-sidered being comparable except for the present vegetation and land-use. The vegetation of the non-cultivated site, which was also the previous vegetation of the whole area before its cultivation started in 1930`s, was dominated by birches (Betula pubescens), while timothy (Phleum pratense) and smooth meadow-grass (Poa pratensis) dominated the cultivated site. At both sites platinum redox electrodes were permanently installed at 5, 10 and 25 cm depth. Furthermore, soil water samples were gained from permanently installed suction lysimeters from 5, 15 and 40 cm depth and analyzed for Fe. Redox potentials were gener-ally lowest during spring thaw in May and June at both sites. At 5 cm depth redox poten-tials below +330 mV, the theoretical boarder line for the existence of oxygen in soils, pre-vailed until the second week of June, thus about one month after the disappearance of the snow cover. During this period Fe soil water concentrations at 5 cm depth increased from 0.5 to about 1.5 mg/l at the non-cultivated site, and from 0.5 to 4.5 mg/l in the cultivated soil. Results indicate that seasonally waterlogged conditions in northern ecosystems can cause unfavorable conditions for root growth, and thus might reduce the length of the po-tential growing season.
Forfattere
Christian Uhlig Alexander ZinkSammendrag
Mammalian herbivores generally influence soil properties of pastures significantly. However, rather little is known about impacts of Arctic Ungulates. The aim of this investigation was to identify possible changes in chemical soil properties due to different reindeer management systems on Finnmarksvidda: a) year-around used pastures in Finland, and b) winter pastures in Norway. Both managing systems are permanently separated by a fence, which was established during the 1950`ies. Iron podzol was the dominant soil type at both sides and fruticose lichen dominated dwarf shrub tundra was the typical vegetation type. However, lichen, plant and humus cover could vary greatly within the landscape. It was supposed that these differences were due to differences in grazing intensity. Based on a literature survey and field observations we therefore distinguished between the following four succession/ degradation stages I) thick (> 4 cm) lichen cover; II) grazed/ thin lichen cover (< 4 cm), but good plant cover; III) fruticose lichen cover almost absent, reduced plant cover and patches with exposed humus; IV) lichen, plant and humus cover almost absent, patches with bare mineral soil. According to this classification a 3 km2 large area along the boarder fence between Finland and Norway was mapped via a grid of sampling points. To compare soil chemical properties between the different succession/ degradation stages and different management systems, corresponding soil samples were taken from O, E and B-horizons at both side of the fence. Soil chemical parameters determined were pH, soil organic carbon (org.-C), Kjeldahl-N, C/N, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, and total and plant available P, Ca, Mg, K. During the presentation first results are presented with emphasis on potential impacts of reindeers on tundra ecosystems in general, and differences in pasture management in particular.