Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2018
Authors
Ari Hietala Isabella Børja Hugh Cross Nina Elisabeth Nagy Halvor Solheim Volkmar Timmermann Adam Vivian-SmithAbstract
European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), a keystone species with wide distribution and habitat range in Europe, is threatened at a continental scale by an invasive alien ascomycete, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. In its native range of Asia, this fungus is a leaf endophyte with weak parasitic capacity and robust saprobic competence in local ash species that are closely related to European ash. In European ash, H. fraxineus has a similar functional role as in Asia, but the fungus also aggressively kills shoots, resulting in crown dieback and tree death. H. fraxineus is a typical invasive species, as its spread relies on high propagule pressure. While crown dieback of European ash is the most obvious symptom of ash dieback, the annual colonization of ash leaves is a crucial key dependency for the invasiveness of H. fraxineus, since its fruiting bodies are formed on overwintered leaf vein tissues in soil debris. Leaves of European ash host a wide range of indigenous epiphytes, endophytes, facultative parasites and biotrophic fungi, including Hymenoscyphus albidus, a relative of H. fraxineus that competes for the same sporulation niche as the invader. At face value, leaves of European ash are colonized by a large and diverse indigenous mycobiome. In order to understand why this invader became successful in Europe, we discuss and summarize the current knowledge of diversity, seasonal dynamics and traits of H. fraxineus and indigenous fungi associated with leaves of European ash.
Abstract
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Authors
Jürgen Dengler Viktoria Wagner Iwona Dembicz Itziar García-Mijangos Alireza Naqinezhad Steffen Boch Alessandro Chiarucci Timo Conradi Goffredo Filibeck Riccardo Guarino Monika Janišová Manuel J. Steinbauer Svetlana Aćić Alicia T.R. Acosta Munemitsu Akasaka Marc-Andre Allers Iva Apostolova Irena Axmanová Branko Bakan Alina Baranova Manfred Bardy-Durchhalter Sándor Bartha Esther Baumann Thomas Becker Ute Becker Elena Belonovskaya Karin Bengtsson José Luis Benito Alonso Asun Berastegi Ariel Bergamini Ilaria Bonini Hans Henrik Bruun Vasyl Budzhak Alvaro Bueno Juan Antonio Campos Laura Cancellieri Marta Carboni Cristina Chocarro Luisa Conti Marta Czarniecka-Wiera Pieter De Frenne Balázs Deák Yakiv P. Didukh Martin Diekmann Christian Dolnik Cecilia Duprè Klaus Ecker Nikolai Ermakov Brigitta Erschbamer Adrián Escudero Javier Etayo Zuzana Fajmonová Vivian Astrup Felde Maria Rosa Fernández Calzado Manfred Finckh Georgios Fotiadis Mariano Fracchiolla Anna Ganeva Daniel García-Magro Rosario G. Gavilán Markus Germany Itamar Giladi François Gillet Gian Pietro Giusso del Galdo Jose M. González John-Arvid Grytnes Michal Hájek Petra Hájková Aveliina Helm Mercedes Herrera Eva Hettenbergerová Carsten Hobohm Elisabeth M. Hüllbusch Nele Ingerpuu Ute Jandt Florian Jeltsch Kai Jensen Anke Jentsch Michael Jeschke Borja Jiménez-Alfaro Zygmunt Kacki Kaoru Kakinuma Jutta Kapfer Ali Kavgaci András Kelemen Kathrin Kiehl Asuka Koyama Tomoyo F. Koyanagi Łukasz Kozub Anna Kuzemko Magni Olsen Kyrkjeeide Sara Landi Nancy Langer Lorenzo Lastrucci Lorenzo Lazzaro Chiara Lelli Jan Lepš Swantje Löbel Arantzazu L. Luzuriaga Simona Maccherini Martin Magnes Marek Malicki Corrado Marcenó Constantin Mardari Leslie Mauchamp Felix May Ottar Michelsen Joaquín Molero Mesa Zsolt Molnár Ivan Y. Moysiyenko Yuko K. Nakaga Rayna Natcheva Jalil Noroozi Robin J. Pakeman Salza Palpurina Meelis Pärtel Ricarda Pätsch Harald Pauli Hristo Pedashenko Robert K. Peet Remigiusz Pielech Nataša Pipenbaher Chrisoula Pirini Zuzana Plesková Mariya A. Polyakova Honor C. Prentice Jennifer Reinecke Triin Reitalu Maria Pilar Rodríguez-Rojo Jan Roleček Vladimir Ronkin Leonardo Rosati Ejvind Rosén Eszter Ruprecht Solvita Rusina Marko Sabovljević Ana María Sánchez Galina Savchenko Oliver Schuhmacher Sonja Škornik Marta Gaia Sperandii Monika Staniaszek-Kik Zora Stevanović-Dajić Marin Stock Sigrid Suchrow Laura M. E. Sutcliffe Grzegorz Swacha Martin Sykes Anna Szabó Amir Talebi Cătălin Tănase Massimo Terzi Csaba Tölgyesi Marta Torca Péter Török Béla Tóthmérész Nadezda Tsarevskaya Ioannis Tsiripidis Rossen Tzonev Atushi Ushimaru Orsolya Valkó Eddy van der Maarel Thomas Vanneste Iuliia Vashenyak Kiril Vassilev Daniele Viciani Luis Villar Risto Virtanen Ivana Vitasović Kosić Yun Wang Frank Weiser Julia Went Karsten Wesche Hannah White Manuela Winkler Piotr T. Zaniewski Hui Zhang Yaron Ziv Sergey Znamenskiy Idoia BiurrunAbstract
submittedVersion © 2018. This is the authors' manuscript to the article. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2018/0267
Authors
Trygve Utstumo Frode Urdal Anders Brevik Jarle Dørum Jan Netland Øyvind Overskeid Therese With Berge Jan Tommy GravdahlAbstract
© 2018. This is the authors’ accepted and refereed manuscript to the article. Locked until 7.9.2020 due to copyright restrictions. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Abstract
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Authors
Lise Tingstad John-Arvid Grytnes Vivian Astrup Felde Aino Juslén Esko Hyvärinen Anders DahlbergAbstract
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Abstract
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault was opened in 2008. The aim was to secure genetic diversity of crop plants important to future food production. The Seed Vault has the capacity to store 4.5 million seed samples, each containing on average 500 seeds sealed in airtight aluminum bags. By the end of 2016, the Vault had approximately 880,000 accessions representing more than 5000 plant species. The samples, originating from 71 gene banks and research institutes from all across the world, include major food crops such as wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, maize, legumes and forage crops, and vegetables. The seed samples are duplicates (backups) of seed stored in national, regional and international gene banks. Deposits can only be made by following a depositor agreement and the seed samples in the Vault remain the property of the depositing gene bank. The Vault is situated in permafrost at -3 to -4°C, but artificial cooling maintains a temperature of -18°C inside the Vault. Management of the Vault is secured through an agreement between the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food, the Crop Trust and the Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen). Secure storage of gene bank seeds in Svalbard was initiated during the 1980s, when the Nordic Gene Bank placed a collection of seed duplicates in an abandoned coal mine outside Longyearbyen in Svalbard. In addition to the secure storage of the base collection, a study of the longevity (germination and seed health) in long-term storage (100 years) in permafrost was started in 1986. A total of 42 seed samples of 16 common agricultural and horticultural Nordic species were included in the study. A set of sub-samples has been taken out for analyses every two and a half years during the first 20 years, and are taken out every five years for the next 80 years.
Abstract
The estimated potential yield losses caused by plant pathogens is up to 16% globally (Oerke 2006) and most research in plant pathology aims to reduce yield loss in our crops directly or indirectly. Yield losses caused by a certain disease depend not only on disease severity, but also on the weather factors, the pathogen’s aggressiveness, and the ability of the crop to compensate for reduced photosynthetic area. The yield loss-disease relationship in a certain host-pathogen system might therefore change from year to year, making predictions for yield loss very difficult at the regional or even at the farmer’s level. However, estimating yield losses is essential to determine disease management thresholds at which acute control measures such as fungicide applications, or strategic measures such as crop rotation or use of resistant cultivars are economically and environmentally sensible. Legislation in many countries enforces implementation of integrated pest management (IPM), based on economic thresholds at which the costs due to a disease justify the costs for its management. Without a better understanding of the relationship between disease epidemiology and yield loss, we remain insufficiently equipped to design adequate IPM strategies that will be widely adapted in agriculture. Crop loss studies are resource demanding and difficult to interpret for one particular disease, as crops are usually not invaded by only one pest or pathogen at a time. Combining our knowledge on disease epidemiology, crop physiology, yield development, damage mechanisms involved, and the effect of management practices can help us to increase our understanding of the disease-crop loss relationship. The main aim of this paper is to review and analyze the literature on a representative host-pathogen relationship in an important staple food crop to identify knowledge gaps and research areas to better assess yield loss and design management strategies based on economic thresholds. Wheat is one of the most important staple foods worldwide and is susceptible to several important plant diseases. In our article, we focus on Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) or Glume blotch of wheat as an example for a stubble-borne, seed-transmitted disease with a worldwide distribution causing considerable and regular yield losses. In their review on yield losses due to wheat pathogens in Australia, Murray and Brennan (2009) estimated the current annual economic loss due to SNB as high as $108 × 106, with potential costs as high as $230 × 106. The causal fungus, Parastagonospora nodorum, is currently serving as a model organism for molecular studies of the intimate relationship between necrotic effector-producing fungal strains and their corresponding susceptibility genes present in wheat cultivars (Oliver et al. 2012). In this paper, we analyze the literature on the biology of this common wheat pathogen, the yield loss it reportedly has caused, and the effect of control strategies to reduce this loss. Based on this analysis, we will evaluate the use of common management practices to reduce disease-related yield loss and identify related research needs.
Editors
Arne StensvandAbstract
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Editors
Camilla BaumannAbstract
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