Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2025
Forfattere
Injeong Kim Lone Ross Gry Alfredsen Olov Karlsson Elif Kaynak Oisik Das Dennis Jones George I. Mantanis Dick SandbergSammendrag
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was modified using maleic anhydride (MA) and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) to improve its durability against wood-deteriorating fungi, mechanical strength, and fire retardancy (thermal stability). The modification significantly reduced mass loss caused by wood-decaying fungi (Trametes versicolor, Rhodonia placenta, and soft rot fungi) due to the formation of cross-links between wood, MA, and SHP, which limited the moisture uptake and altered the chemical structure of wood. On the other hand, the modification did not provide improved resistance to fungi growth on the wood surface, which indicated that the modification had little impact on the accessibility of nutrients on the surface. A bending test showed that the modulus of elasticity (MOE) was not affected by the treatment, whilst the modulus of rupture (MOR) decreased to half the value of untreated wood. Thermal resistance was improved, as demonstrated by micro-scale combustion calorimeter testing, where the total heat release was halved, and the residue percentage nearly doubled. These results indicate that phosphonate protects the modified wood via the formation of a protective char layer on the surface and the formation of radical moieties. Based on the results, wood modified with MA and SHP shows potential for possible use in outdoor, non-loadbearing structures.
Sammendrag
Since the 1950s, the use of plastics in agriculture has helped solving many challenges related to food production, while its persistence and mismanagement has led to the plastic pollution we face today. A variety of biodegradable plastic products have thus been marketed, with the aim to solve plastic pollution through complete degradation after use. But the environmental conditions for rapid and complete degradation are not necessarily fulfilled, and the possibility that biodegradable plastics may also contribute to plastic pollution must be evaluated. A two-year field experiment with biodegradable mulches (BDMs) based on polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT/starch and PBAT/polylactic acid) buried in several agricultural soils in mesh bags showed that also under colder climatic conditions does degradation occur, involving fragmentation after two months and depolymerization by hydrolysis, as shown by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani was found to be associated with BDM degradation, and the formation of biodegradable microplastics was observed throughout the experimental period. Between 52 and 93 % of the original BDM mass was recovered after two years, suggesting that accumulation is likely to happen in cold climatic regions when BDM is repeatedly used every year. Mass loss followed negative quadratic functions, implying increasing mass loss rates over time. Despite the range of climatic and edaphic factors, with various agricultural practices and vegetable productions at the study locations, the parameters that significantly favored in situ BDM degradation were higher soil organic matter content and temperatures.
Sammendrag
Dyrking av engvekster til beite og vinterfôr til stor- og småfe er grunnpilaren i norsk husdyrhold. I Norge har timotei vært hovedart i dyrka eng siden midten av 1800-tallet, og er fortsatt den viktigste grasarten i engdyrkinga. På Østlandet blandes timotei vanligvis med engsvingel, og engrapp går ofte inn i mer varige blandinger. I tørkeutsatte områder benyttes i tillegg bladfaks. Timotei og engsvingel har liten rotmasse og er ikke spesielt tørkesterke, mens bladfaks har et dypt og effektivt rotsystem med stor evne til å ta opp vann i tørre perioder. Den har imidlertid dårligere fôrkvalitet enn timotei og engsvingel. Strandsvingel er en forholdsvis ny art i norsk engdyrking. Den har et stort og dypt rotsystem og er regnet for å være et meget tørke- og varmetolerant gras. I tillegg viser den god overvintringsevne, tilfredsstillende fôrkvalitet og et høyt avlingspotensial. Strandsvingel er i liten grad tatt i bruk i praktisk dyrking i Norge, men synes i blanding med timotei å være interessant for utprøving på tørkeutsatt jord på Østlandet både med hensyn til tørketoleranse, overvintringsevne, avlingspotensial og fôrkvalitet. I dette prosjektet er ulike frøblandinger der timotei går inn sammen med enten engsvingel, strandsvingel eller bladfaks og blandinger med flere av disse artene undersøkt. Prosjektets mål var å oppnå høyere avlingsstabilitet i timoteibaserte enger på Østlandet under varierende vekstforhold. Fire forsøksfelt ble anlagt på Sør-Østlandet og i fjell- og dalbygdene på Østlandet. To felt på tørkeutsatt jord, ett på ikke tørkeutsatt jord og ett på flomutsatt jord. Seks ulike frøblandinger med timotei i blanding med engsvingel, strandsvingel eller bladfaks i ulike kombinasjoner ble sammenlignet i forsøkene.
Sammendrag
Context Dairy farming contributes approximately 2.5 % of annual global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, necessitating effective mitigation strategies. Two approaches are often discussed: low-intensity, low-cost production with minimal reliance on purchased inputs; and high-intensity production with higher-yielding cows to reduce land use and reduce methane emissions per unit of milk. Objective The objective was to identify management factors and farm characteristics that explain variations in GHG emissions, environmental, and economic performance. Indicators included were GHG emissions, land use occupation, energy intensity, nitrogen intensity, and gross margin. Methods Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to calculate the environmental impacts for 200 commercial dairy farms in Central Norway based on farm activities, purchased inputs, machinery, and buildings from 2014 to 2016. A multiple regression analysis with backward elimination was conducted to highlight important variables for environmental impact and economic outcome. Results and conclusions A higher share of dairy cows was found to be the most important factor in reducing GHG emissions, energy and nitrogen intensity, and land use but also to decrease gross margin. Additional key factors for reducing environmental impact included less purchased nitrogen fertiliser, and higher forage yield. There were no statistical correlations between GHG emissions and gross margin per MJ of human-edible energy delivered. Significance Conducting LCA for many dairy farms allows to highlight important factors influencing environmental impact and economic outcome. Using the delivery of human-edible energy from milk and meat as a functional unit allows for a combined evaluation of milk and meat production on a farm.
Sammendrag
Chocolate spot (CS), caused by Botrytis fabae, is one of the most destructive fungaldiseases affecting faba bean (Vicia faba L.) globally. This study evaluated 33 fababean cultivars across two locations and over 2 years to assess genetic resistance andthe effect of fungicide application on CS progression. The utility of unmanned aerialvehicle–mounted multispectral camera for disease monitoring was examined. Signif-icant variability was observed in cultivar susceptibility, with Bolivia exhibiting thehighest level of resistance and Louhi, Sampo, Vire, Merlin, Mistral, and GL Sunriseproving highly susceptible. Fungicide application significantly reduced CS severityand improved yield. Analysis of canopy spectral signatures revealed the near-infraredand red edge bands, along with enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and soil adjustedvegetation index, as most sensitive to CS infection, and they had a strong negativecorrelation with CS severity ranging from −0.51 to −0.71. In addition, EVI enabledearly disease detection in the field. Support vector machine accurately classified CSseverity into four classes (resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, andsusceptible) based on spectral data with higher accuracy after the onset of diseasecompared to later in the season (accuracy 0.75–0.90). This research underscores thevalue of integrating resistant germplasm, sound agronomic practices, and spectralmonitoring for effectively identification and managing CS disease in faba bean
Sammendrag
The timing of migration is fundamental for species exploiting seasonally variable environments. For ungulates, earlier spring migration is expected with earlier vegetation green-up. However, other drivers, such as access to agricultural farmland and variation in local conditions, are also known to affect migration. We investigated the timing of spring migration for 96 male and 201 female red deer (Cervus elaphus) using a long-term dataset (2005–2020). Overall, the timing of migration was mainly characterized by large individual variability between and within years (95% range 6 April to 18 June). The spring migration timing was, as expected, later with colder winter and spring conditions (North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) winter and April indices) and later peak vegetation green-up (NDVI), with a five-day delay in green-up causing a migration delay of 1.2 days. Timing was also influenced by local conditions in summer and winter home ranges. Red deer with greater access to farmland and a more variable topography (hence variable plant phenology) in winter delayed migration. Similarly, individuals with higher-elevation summer ranges (with delayed onset of plant growth) also delayed migration. Our analyses highlight that the timing of red deer migration is determined by multiple drivers affecting foraging conditions in the landscape, indicative of considerable phenotypic plasticity.
Sammendrag
I denne rapporten er det gjennomført et kilderegnskap for næringsstofftilførsler i deler av vannregion Vest-Viken. Inkludert i beregningene er vannområdene Eikeren, Drammenselva, Simoa, Lierelva, Tyrifjorden, Randsfjorden, Hallingdal, Valdres og Numedalslågen. Ulike kilder til avrenning av fosfor og nitrogen er kvantifisert, og det er også beregnet effekter av ulike jordbrukstiltak. Regionen er delt opp i vannområder og disse er igjen delt opp i tiltaksomrområder. Beregningene er gjort pr tiltaksområde ved hjelp av modellene Agricat3, AGRITIL-P, AGRITIL-N og WebGIS Avløp. Resultatene fra analysen viser at den største kilden til tilførsler av både totalfosfor (41%) og totalnitrogen (39%) i regionen er jordbruket. De 10 tiltaksområdene med høyest fosfortap hadde store arealer i høyere erosjonsrisikoklasse og høy til svært høy fosforstatus i jord. I syv av disse var det stor andel erosjonsutsatte kulturer som potet og grønnsaker. Tiltaksområdene med lite tap hadde stor andel grasareal. Skog og utmark er også en betydelig kilde, som skyldes at det er store skog- og utmarksområder i regionen, men dette er hovedsakelig naturlig avrenning som bidrar lite til eutrofieringsproblematikken. Sammenlignet med jordbruk bidrar avløp totalt for regionen noe mindre til næringsstofftilførsler, men er naturlig nok også mer konsentrert i tett befolkede områder. Resultatene antyder at det er et betydelig potensial for å redusere tapene av både fosfor og nitrogen fra jordbruksarealene i regionen gjennom ulike tiltak. Effekten av tiltakene varierer mellom områdene og mellom ulike typer tiltak, mens beste effekten (opptil 80% reduksjon i totalfosfortap) oppnås av kombinasjon av simulerte tiltak for totalfosfor (stubb på alt kornareal, grasdekt kantsone, grasdekt vannvei, redusert P_AL). For nitrogen var fangvekst på alt kornareal det mest effektive simulerte tiltaket (opptil 30% reduksjon i nitrogentapet). Jordbruks- og avløpssektoren må bidra med tiltak der det er nødvendig, med hensyn til total belastning, økologisk tilstand og miljømål i de enkelte vannforekomstene, men her er det kun tiltak i jordbrukssektoren som er modellert.
Forfattere
Richita Saikia Athanasios Kaldis Carl Jonas Jorge Spetz Basanta Kumar Borah Andreas VoloudakisSammendrag
Plant viruses utilize a subset of host plasmodesmata-associated proteins to establish infection in plants. In the present study, we aimed to understand the role of two plant genes, one encoding a putative plasmodesma located protein (PDLP) and a homolog of soybean gene regulated by cold 2 protein (SRC2) during Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was used to silence PDLP and SRC2 genes in Nicotiana benthamiana and in two related solanaceous plants, N. tabacum and Capsicum chinense Jacq. (Bhut Jolokia). Up to 50% downregulation in the expression of the PDLP gene using the TRV2-PDLP VIGS construct was observed in N. benthamiana and N. tabacum while, using the same gene construct, 30% downregulation of the target mRNA was observed in C. chinense. Similarly, using the TRV2-SRC2 VIGS construct, a 60% downregulation of the SRC2 mRNA was observed in N. benthamiana, N. tabacum, and a 40% downregulation in C. chinense as confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. Downregulation of the PDLP gene in N. benthamiana resulted in delayed symptom appearance up to 7–12 days post inoculation with reduced CMV accumulation compared to the control plants expressing TRV2-eGFP. In contrast, SRC2-silenced plants showed enhanced susceptibility to CMV infection compared to the control plants. Our data suggest that the PDLP gene might facilitate infection of CMV, thus being a susceptibility factor, while the SRC2 gene could play a role in resistance to CMV infection in N. benthamiana.
Forfattere
Eystein Skjerve Erik Georg Granquist Tone Kristin Bjordal Johansen Ingrid Olsen Truls Nesbakken Amin Sayyari Kristin Opdal Seljetun Morten Tryland Åsa Maria Olofsdotter Espmark Grete H. M. Jørgensen Janicke Nordgreen Ingrid Olesen Sonal Jayesh Patel Sokratis Ptochos Marco A. Vindas Tor Atle MoSammendrag
VKM has assessed the risk of introduction and spread of bovine tuberculosis in Norway and cannot rule out that the disease still exists in Norway. There is a low risk of the disease being reintroduced with imported cattle, but the import of llamas and alpacas poses a greater risk. If the disease were to establish in Norway, there is a high risk of spread both among domestic animals and to wildlife. These are the main conclusions The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has made in a risk assessment commissioned by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. Background Following the outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in 2022, VKM was asked to investigate the risk of introduction as well as the risk of spread and establishment of the disease in Norway. The disease primarily affects cattle, but other animals and humans can also be affected. Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic disease that is difficult to diagnose. Therefore, it may take months or years before infected animals are detected. This makes it challenging to eradicate the disease. Conclusions With today's very limited import, VKM concludes it is unlikely that bovine tuberculosis will be introduced to Norway with cattle. Since neighboring countries Sweden and Finland are free from the disease, migration of wildlife will not pose a risk of introduction. However, as the source of the 2022 outbreak has not been identified, it cannot be determined if the disease is still present in Norway. “Alpacas and llamas pose a greater risk. These species are particularly susceptible to the disease, and animals have been imported to Norway, also from countries where the bacterium is common in the cattle population. It is therefore likely that the bacterium could be introduced to Norway with these species if imports continue”, says Eystein Skjerve, Scientific leader of the project team. There is significant trade and transportation of live animals (cattle, alpacas, and llamas) within Norway. If bovine tuberculosis were to establish here, such movements would pose a significant risk of spreading the bacterium. Furthermore, manure from infected herds could pose a risk of spreading to livestock and wild animals. Additionally, contact between livestock and wild animals, such as badgers, wild boars, and various deer species, could lead to the spread of the disease to the wild population. If bovine tuberculosis is established in Norway, a control and eradication strategy would require considerable time and resources. If the disease is introduced to-, and established in wild animal populations, experience from other countries indicates that it will be very challenging to eradicate the disease. “The risk of transmission of bovine tuberculosis to humans is generally low. Veterinarians, farmers, and slaughterhouse workers have an increased risk of infection. If the disease is established in Norway, the greatest risk of transmission to humans is through the consumption of both unpasteurised milk and dairy products”, Skjerve says. Risk-Reducing Measures VKM was also asked to identify several measures that could reduce the risk of introduction and establishment of bovine tuberculosis in Norway: Avoid importing animals from countries and regions where bovine tuberculosis is present in livestock. Avoid importing roughage to Norway from countries and regions with bovine tuberculosis. Increase testing requirements for the trade and movement of alpacas and llamas inside Norway. In the event of an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis, reduce contact between livestock and wild animals and routinely test wild animals (badgers, wild boars, and deer species). (...)
2024
Forfattere
Nicolai MunsterhjelmSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag