Publikasjoner
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2012
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
Arable weeds are generally distributed in patches, while herbicides are applied uniformly. Herbicides can be saved if only the patches are sprayed, i.e. patch spraying (PS). Bottlenecks for cost-effective PS are weed monitoring technology and valid technology-based decision rules for PS (thresholds). The novel machine vision algorithm Weedcer has been developed as an efficient weed monitoring tool for PS. Weedcer estimates the proportions of young weed leaves and cereal leaves in high resolution red–green–blue images. We conducted field trials to test relative weed cover (RWC) and relative mayweed cover (RMC) estimated by Weedcer as decision rules for PS. RWC is the total weed cover divided by the total plant cover and RMC is the mayweed cover divided by the total plant cover. The main criterion for evaluation and basis of these thresholds was the measured grain yield. Images (about 0.06-m2) were acquired with a GPS guided autonomous field robot in spring, the normal time for spraying seed-propagated broadleaf weeds in both winter – and spring cereals in Norway. Three map-based trials (weed monitoring and spraying in two separate operations) showed that mean RWC per management unit (12.0 × 12.5-m) was generally adequate. In winter wheat heavily infested with scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch.Bip.) and/or scented mayweed (Matricaria recutita L.), the mean RMC per management unit was more adequate. Progress during the project allowed three additional trials conducted in real-time (weed monitoring and spraying in the same operation). These were conducted with the robot in spring cereals, and showed that a weighted moving average of RWC per image was adequate. The sprayed and unsprayed management units in these trials were minimum 3.0 × 3.0-m and 0.5 × 3.0-m, respectively. Results indicated that the Weedcer-based thresholds should be lower in wheat (Triticum aestivum) than in barley (Hordeum vulgare).
Forfattere
Erlend Nybakk Jan Inge JenssenSammendrag
In this study, we address this research question: What effect do an innovation strategy and an innovative working climate have on financial performance in the Norwegian wood industry? Innovation strategy embodies four dimensions: those concerning the degree to which innovation in the form of products, processes, and business systems are embedded in the management values and priorities, and those concerning the degree of expenditure in R&D. An innovative working climate is embodied by team cohesion, supervisory encouragement, resources, autonomy, challenge, and openness to innovation. Previous studies indicate a lack of studies in traditional manufacturing and a lack of studies including both an innovation strategy and a supporting working climate. 241 CEOs answered our survey . The connectional model was tested with structural equation modelling, and all hypotheses received support. This implies that an innovation strategy and an innovative working climate enhance financial performance in traditional manufacturing firms. The results are discussed and implications are made
Forfattere
Lise AanensenSammendrag
Styrt beitedrift ved bruk av rovdyrsikker inngjerding kan være en løsning for å unngå store tap av sau til rovvilt. Det er imidlertid en oppfatning at denne driftsformen kan være en utfordring med hensyn til dyrevelferd, helse og kjøttproduksjon. Et prosjekt i regi av Bioforsk Nord Tjøtta har vist at det er mulig å oppnå tilfredsstillende dyrevelferd og produksjonsresultater på inngjerdet beite, men at det kreves en del oppfølging av dyrene i beitesesongen, spesielt med hensyn til innvollsparasitter og beitetilgang.
Sammendrag
Fusarium langsethiae is a recently characterized fungus within the genus Fusarium. It is found as a grain contaminant of small grain cereals such as oats and barley, and to a lesser extent wheat. Fusarium langsethiae is particularly widespread in the Nordic countries and the UK where it poses a serious problem as the main producer of T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxins. The biology of F. langsethiae and its interaction with the plant remains poorly understood, partly hampered by difficulties reproducing a natural level of infection under controlled conditions. The reported study was designed as a series of glasshouse experiments to advance our understanding of F. langsethiae biology by investigating alternative infection routes and its proliferation in oats, Avena sativa. Various methods of seed, soil, and seedling inoculation, boot injection and spray inoculation, were tested. The results clearly show a strong preference of F. langsethiae for the panicle, ruling out alternative infection routes. At relatively low temperatures spray infection, accompanied by prolonged humidity, ensured a thorough establishment of the fungus both at flowering and at early dough stage. Boot injection proved to be a reliable working tool for production of an even and predictable grain infection. Apart from in the panicle, considerable fungal proliferation was only detected in flag leaf nodes, and was a direct consequence of the boot injection method. Fungal presence in the node tissue also correlated with significant stunting of infected shoots. In light of the results the pathogenic and endophytic abilities of F. langsethiae are discussed.
Forfattere
Arne Hermansen Leslie A Wanner Ragnhild Nærstad Sonja KlemsdalSammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
The strengthening of administrative powers is comprehensively documented within national governments. This article asks to what extent centre formation also happens within international bureaucracies. Based on a large body of data (N=121) within three international bureaucracies, this study adds two new observations: First, administrative centre formation is primarily observed inside the European Commission and only marginally within other international bureaucracies – such as the OECD and WTO Secretariats. Moreover, within the Commission, centre formation is primarily observed at the administrative centre (the General Secretariat) and only marginally within bureaucratic sub-units. Concomitantly, administrative centre formation, when observed, does not seem to profoundly penetrate and transform international bureaucracies writ large. Second, variation in centre formation both across and within international bureaucracies is associated with two often neglected variables in comparative government literature: (i) first, the accumulation of relevant organisational capacities at the executive centre, and second, the vertical and horizontal specialisation of international bureaucracies.
Forfattere
Jens Rohloff Joachim Kopka Alexander Erban Per Winge Robert Charles Wilson Atle M. Bones Jahn Davik Stephen K, Randall Muath AlsheikhSammendrag
© 2012. This is the authors’ accepted and refereed manuscript to the article. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Sammendrag
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