Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Anette SundbyeSammendrag
Det er mange plantevernmidler som er godkjent mot skadedyr, men ikke alle er tillatt brukt i grøntanlegg. Dessuten kan dette endres fra år til år. Kjemiske og mikrobiologiske preparater blir godkjent for en periode på maksimalt 5 år, mens biologiske preparater med makroorganismer (nytteorganismer) blir godkjent for 10 års perioder, før de må revurderes. Dette kunnskapsbladet fra FAGUS gir en oversikt over hvilke plantevernmidler som er tillatt brukt i norske grøntanlegg per august 2010.
Forfattere
Anette SundbyeSammendrag
Det finnes mange nytteorganismer som kan være effektive mot skadedyr i hagen. Rovmidd, marihøner, rovteger, gulløyer og blomsterfluelarver er effektive rovdyr, mens snylteveps og nematoder er effektive parasitter. Noen nytteorganismer er bladlusspesialister, mens andre er spesialister mot spinnmidd. Enkelte nytteorganismer spiser også flere byttedyrarter. Det er derfor en fordel å ha kunnskap og omtanke for hvilke nytteorganismer som finnes, og for hvordan forholdene kan tilrettelegges for at de skal gjøre en innsats mot skadedyr i hagen.
Forfattere
Jens Rohloff Per Winge Jahn Davik May Bente Brurberg K Mockaitis V Shulaev SK Randall Atle Bones Muath AlsheikhSammendrag
In order to support functional genomics research in octoploid (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) and diploid (F. vesca) strawberry, a customized Fragaria microarray chip was developed as a joint collaboration between Graminor Breeding Ltd. and NTNU. F. vesca cDNA sequences were provided by The Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University (an assembly of >3 million reads from GS-FLX Titanium - Roche/454 Life Sciences sequencing), and about 59,000 publicly available Fragaria EST sequences were uploaded from NCBI. In addition, ~190 Mb of preliminary draft genome sequences from F. vesca were provided by the Strawberry Genome Sequencing Consortium (courtesy to V. Shulaev). cDNAs used as templates for probe design were validated by BlastN against the F. vesca draft genome excluding cDNAs of microbial origin. Genes not represented in the cDNA collection were identified by screening F. vesca draft genome against protein sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana, Vitis vinifera, Ricinus communis and Populus trichocarpa. Exon sequences from genes not found in the cDNAs were included. In total, 43723 unique 60-mer probes were designed and the Agilent eARRAY tool was used to produce a 4x44k format microarray chip. Fragaria chip applicability and feasibility for transcriptional profiling was investigated using either abiotic (low temperature) or biotic (pathogenic fungi) stress treatment. Microarray data will be subsequently integrated with other omics data to address gene-regulatory networks and biological functions. Cold acclimation experiments were focused on short- and long-term effects in meristematic tissue, and revealed the up-regulation of ~100 cold-responsive genes (transcription factors, dehydrins, enzymes), and transcripts involved in starch breakdown and raffinose biosynthesis. Beside central metabolism, secondary metabolism was also strongly modulated as seen by changes in the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes. Time-course studies of transcriptional responses in F. vesca accessions showing contrasting resistance toward the pathogen Phytophthora cactorum are in progress, and will be presented in-depth.
Sammendrag
Phytophthora cactorum, den sopp-lignende skadegjøreren som forårsaker kronråte i jordbær, kan overleve i mange år i jorda og det er ingen god måte å bli kvitt skadegjøreren på når den har kommet inn i et felt eller en planteskole. Smittede planter trenger ikke umiddelbart å vise symptomer, noe som gjør skadegjøreren enda mer vanskelig å hanskes med. Selv om det er variasjon i mottakelighet, er så godt som alle jordbærsorter i kommersiell bruk, mottakelige. Vi vet imidlertid at resistente varianter finnes innenfor jordbæras nære slektninger, foreldreartene Fragaria virginiana og Fragaria chiloensis. Det er mye uklarhet omkring hva som ligger bak forskjeller i kronråteresistens, og siden en slik forståelse er viktig for håndteringen i en foredlingssammenheng, ønsker vi å undersøke dette. Jordbæra (Fragaria x ananassa) og dens nevnte foreldrearter er imidlertid oktoploide - de har 8 sett kromosomer - noe som gjør dem vanskelig å bruke i genetiske studier. Vi, og mange andre forskergrupper, har derfor valgt å fokusere på en enklere modellplante for å finne basiskunnskap som vi i ettertid håper å kunne overføre til de dyrkede jordbæra.
Forfattere
Sven-Roar Odenmarck Agnethe Christiansen Hans Ragnar Norli Børge HolenSammendrag
The LC-MS/MS multi-method was initially set up by Agilent Technologies and further developed in our laboratory by introducing programmed injection and dynamic MRM (dMRM).The instrument used is an Agilent 6410B with a 1200 LC and MassHunter software. The method covers 180 compounds with two MRM transitions for each, which gives acceptable identification of the pesticides in one run. QuEChERS extraction is used for sample preparation, and the same extract is directly analysed on both GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. The method is applied on all samples in the Norwegian monitoring programme for pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables; about 1500 samples per year. Direct injection of the acetonitrile extract gave insufficient retention and peak-splitting for the polar pesticides due to the high solvent strength. To avoid the time consuming process of either dilution of the sample extract or changing the sample solvent before injection, programmed injection was tested. Different techniques and parameters for programmed injection were tested and the results compared to samples with various solvent compositions. The best result was obtained using programmed injection by mixing the sample with water in proportion 1 to 10 online. Using the MS/MS with dMRM gives several advantages compared to MRM with compounds in time segments. In dMRM each compound has its own time window, and the time windows can overlap. This makes it easier to set up the method, to add new compounds and to administrate the routine analyses. The MS works more efficiently by measuring only a narrow time window for each compound. This makes it easier to increase the number of measuring points per peak if necessary, and to expand the scope of the method. More than 20 new compounds in the EU coordinated programme 2010 were recently added to the method. Flagging of results outside predetermined limits and custom-made reports make processing and interpretation of data easy, fast and reliable. Results from control samples and validation can easily be transferred to Excel for further calculation using script reporting template.
Forfattere
May Bente Brurberg Xiaoren Chen Jahn Davik Håvard Eikemo Inger Martinussen Monica Skogen Yang Hu Abdelhameed Elameen Sonja KlemsdalSammendrag
Phytophthora cactorum causes crown rot in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch.), which is characterized by wilting and eventually collapse of the plant. An efficient control measure is the use of resistant cultivars, however most commercial cultivars are susceptible to the disease. The aim of our work is to generate basic knowledge about P. cactorum resistance as well as to develop genetic markers that can be used as tools for development of resistant cultivars. The genetic complexity of the octoploid cultivated strawberry, has led to development of the diploid wild strawberry (F. vesca) as a model system for Fragaria. We have identified suitable parents after screening accessions of diploid Fragaria sp. for resistance [1], and generated a mapping population which we are currently characterizing. In order to study the plant-pathogen interaction in detail we have identified and characterized resistance genes from diploid strawberry and effector genes from P. cactorum using different transcriptional analysis techniques; nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-profiling for resistance genes, and suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) as well as a designed effector-specific differential display (ESDD) for genes involved in pathogenicity. This work is supported by The Research Council of Norway. [1] Eikemo H, Brurberg MB, Davik J (2010). Resistance to Phytophthora cactorum in diploid Fragaria species. HortScience. 45:193-197.
Forfattere
Ole Martin Eklo Randi Bolli Jens Kværner Tore Sveistrup Eivind Solbakken Frauke HofmeisterSammendrag
In the project "Groundwater and Dependent Ecosystems: New Scientific and Technological Basis for Assessing Climate Change and Land-use Impacts on Groundwater (GENESIS)" coordinated by Bioforsk, the objective is to integrate new methods, concepts and tools for the revision of the Ground Water Directive and better management of groundwater resources. By case studies in different climatic regions various land use pressures are studied.To identify threatens to groundwater pollution MACRO_GV has been used simulating the movement of pesticides used in potatoes and cereals. The simulation set-up and output from the tool was similar to the FOCUS groundwater scenarios. The different soil-types of the area have large differences in risks of leaching to groundwater for the different pesticides. Risk reduction is possible with userfriendlyknowledge about soil and hot spots.
Forfattere
Christian Linder Janet Allen Catherine Baroffio Agata Broniarek-Niemiec Victorio Brookes Jerry Cross Cathy Eckert Rudolf Faby Bruno Gobin Alberto Grassi Adrian Harris Barbara Labanowska Emilie Lascaux Carlo Malavolta Vincent Michel Slobodan Milenkovic Thilda Nilsson Paivi Parikka Klaus Paaske Jean-Jacques Pommier Daniel Prodorutti Lene Sigsgaard Arne Stensvand Christer Torneus Nina Trandem Tuomo Tuovinen Gabor VetekSammendrag
The usage of plant protection products and biocontrol agents in soft fruit production has always been an important subject for the IOBC/WPRS Working Group "Integrated Protection of Fruit Crops" Study Group "Soft Fruits". The usage of pesticides and biological control methods varies considerably between countries and it is very difficult to get a good overview on the range of products that are applied or in development in soft fruits. In order to share and facilitate the flow of information, the Study Group "Soft Fruit" initiated a survey on the availability and usage of active ingredients and biocontrol agents in the different European countries in 2007. First, the most important pests and diseases in strawberry and raspberry production were identified. Then members of the different countries listed available products on the domestic market and indicated their usage in the field. So far 15 countries have contributed to the survey. The received data are accessible on the website http://www.any3.ch/IOBC/Softpest/index.html
Sammendrag
Most fungicide applications targeting apple scab aim to control primary infections caused by ascospores and spraying is thereby linked to ascospore availability. We investigated the effect of pre bud break climatic conditions on seasonal patterns of ascospore release. Apple leaves bearing pseudothecia of Venturia inaequalis were overwintered at orchard sites in 8 countries for up to 3 years. Leaf samples were collected 2 to 5 weeks before bud break and again at bud break, air dried, and sent via airmail to Norway. The samples were stored at -18ºC upon arrival until tested. Disks cut from each replicate leaf sample were incubated moist at 20ºC to allow ascospore maturation but prevent discharge. Matured ascospores were induced to discharge twice a week and enumerated until the supply was exhausted. The proportion of ascospores ejected was fitted against degree-day accumulation using logistic regression. The regression intercept (onset maturation), slope (maturation rate), as well as the absolute number of spores counted differed significantly (P< 0.001, P = 0.05, P< 0.001 respectively) among sites and sampling dates. There was a significant interaction between site and sampling date, indicating that climatic conditions prior to bud break differentially impacted the subsequent ascospore availability. Observed differences could perhaps be used to further refine previously described models of ascospore maturity.
Forfattere
David M Gadoury Arne Stensvand Robert C. Seem Catherine Heidenreich Maria Herrero Mary Jean Welser Andrew Dobson Håvard Eikemo Belachew AsalfSammendrag
Cleistothecia on leaves of deciduous perennials are often dispersed before leaf fall to other substrates. In contrast, strawberry leaves remain attached during winter, and cleistothecia of Podosphaera macularis remained attached to these leaves. Release of overwintered ascospores was coincident with renewed plant growth, and pathogenicity of ascospores was confirmed. Upper and lower surfaces of emergent leaves were similarly susceptible, but upper surfaces were obscured by folding in emergent leaves. Emergent leaves exposed to airborne inoculum developed severe infection of the lower surface, but not the obscured upper surface. Emergent leaves acquired ontogenic resistance during unfolding, and the upper leaf surface thereby escaped infection. We found no evidence that the pathogen survives winters in New York, USA or Norway within crown tissue. Plants stripped of infected leaves remained mildew-free when forced after overwintering, while mildew colonies commonly developed on emergent leaves of plants not stripped of mildewed leaves. Unsprayed plots established using mildew-free plants either remained asymptomatic or developed only traces of powdery mildew during one growing season, even when located within 100 to 150 meters of severely diseased plots. In summary, our results suggest the following: (i) sanitation, use of disease-free plants, and eradicative treatments could contribute greatly to management of strawberry powdery mildew; (ii) cleistothecia represent a functional source of primary inoculum; and (iii) the common observation of higher mildew severity on lower leaf surfaces may reflect escape of the upper epidermis due to the combined effect of leaf folding and rapid acquisition of ontogenic resistance.