Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Inger HansenSammendrag
I Norge er det allerede flere aktive vokterhundmiljøer. Dette prosjektet kalt “Styrking av vokterhundmiljøet i Troms” skulle bidra til å stimulere bruken av vokterhunder som forebyggende tiltak mot tap av beitedyr til rovvilt i fylket.
Sammendrag
Vokterhunder benyttes i dag i flere land som forebyggende tiltak mot rovviltskader. Tiltaket har generelt vist en sterk tapsreduserende effekt. De fleste bruksmåter i utlandet er basert på at vokterhunden sosialiseres på sau i tidlig valpealder. Hunden vil dermed oppfatte sauene som sine flokkmedlemmer som den vil forsvarer mot rovvilt. Et effektivt forsvar forutsetter imidlertid at sauene går i flokk. Det norske saueholdet er karakterisert ved at sauene beiter spredt på store utmarksarealer. For at bruk av vokterhund skal kunne bli et effektivt tiltak i Norge, må derfor sauene samles, enten ved gjeting eller ved bruk av inngjerdede beiter. Alternativt kan man finne nye måter å bruke vokterhund på som er bedre tilpasset det tradisjonelle norske saueholdet. Av de sju ulike bruksmåter for vokterhund som er beskrevet, anbefales to metoder under norske forhold: vokterhunder på patrulje og vokterhunder på inngjerdet beite. Den første metoden krever ikke at sauene går i flokk og er dermed tilpasset det norske beitebruket. Den sistnevnte metoden krever en omlegging av beitedrifta, men har imidlertid vist seg å ha bedre tapsforebyggende effekt. Den forebyggende effekt er diskutert opp mot tiltakets kostnader og ulemper, som arbeidsinnsats, reduserte slaktevekter, gjerdehold og et utvidet innmarksbruk. Ulike bruksmåter krever ulik styrke av sosialisering mellom hund og sau. En beskrivelse over sosialiseringsopplegget i forhold til bruksmåte er gitt. I tillegg gir veilederen også nyttige tips om rasevalg, valg av valp og dressur.
Forfattere
Pål Thorvaldsen Samson Øpstad Arve Aarhus Erling Meisingset Åsmund Austarheim Hans Lauvstad Magnus MoSammendrag
Hovudmålsetjinga med prosjektet ”Kostar hjorten meir enn han smakar?” er å utvikle metodar for å berekne inntekter og utgifter som hjorten representerer for den enkelte grunneigar, og samla innafor eit avgrensa område (storvald). Som referansevald for berekningar av nytte- og kostnadsverdi har ein nytta Eikås storvald i Jølster kommune. I valdet vart skadeomfanget etter beiting av hjort berekna på all innmark og all granskog i hogstklasse III og IV, samt furu i hkl II. Verdien på ein foreining grovfôr vart relatert til prisen på kraftfôr med eit fråtrekk for sparte haustekostnadar, og fastsett til 2,28 kr. Når ein la denne prisen til grunn vart avlingstapet berekna til 109 kr pr daa i snitt for all innmark i valdet. I desse berekningane har ein teke omsyn til kostnadar knytt til auka behov for engfornying og ein har teke omsyn til at beiting i attleggsåret gir eit avlingstap som vert akkumulert i dei etterfølgjande engåra. Resultatet for skog synte at dei årlege kostnadane på gran i hkl III og IV i snitt var kr 26,60 pr daa og på furu kr 2,80 pr daa, når ein legg til grunn veksetida fram til kulminasjon og hogst. Desse resultata er først og framt gyldige for Eikåsvaldet med dei tilhøva ein finn der i høve til bestandstettleik av hjort, arealfordeling og korleis jord- og skogbruk vert praktisert ved dyrking av eng og skjøtsel av skog, mellom anna så er truleg resultatet frå furu noko lågt på grunn av underoptimalt tretal i dei takserte bestanda. Det samla skadeomfanget i valdet vart samanstilt med inntektene generert gjennom jakt og utleige av jaktløyve. Dette ga eit knapt overskot for valdet på 33 839 kr pr år.
Sammendrag
Seedlings of open pollinated Picea abies families from Norwegian and Central European parent trees standing at three sites in Norway were tested for timing of bud set at the end of the first growth season together with seedlings from control provenances producing seeds at their geographical origin. The parental origins were confirmed with a maternally inherited mitochondrial marker that distinguishes trees of the Northern European range from those of the Central European range. The seedlings from the families of Central European mother trees producing seeds in Norway had on average a bud set more similar to the families of local Norwegian origin producing seeds at the same site than the provenance of the same Central European origin. It is argued that the rapid change in this adaptive trait from one generation to the next can be explained by recent research results demonstrating that day length and temperature conditions during embryo formation and maturation can influence the phenotypic performance of seedlings in Norway spruce. This effect may influence the fitness of naturally regenerated plants produced in plantations of Central European trees in Norway.
Sammendrag
Information retrieval from spatiotemporal data cubes is key to earth system sciences. Respective analyses need to consider two fundamental issues: First, natural phenomena fluctuate on different time scales. Second, these characteristic temporal patterns induce multiple geographical gradients. Here we propose an integrated approach of subsignal extraction and dimensionality reduction to extract geographical gradients on multiple time scales. The approach is exemplified using global remote sensing estimates of photosynthetic activity. A wide range of partly well interpretable gradients is retrieved. For instance, well known climate-induced anomalies in FAPAR over Africa and South America during the last severe ENSO event are identified. Also, the precise geographical patterns of the annual–seasonal cycle and its phasing are isolated. Other features lead to new questions on the underlying environmental dynamics. Our method can provide benchmarks for comparisons of data cubes, model runs, and thus be used as a basis for sophisticated model performance evaluations.
Forfattere
Miguel D. Mahecha Markus Reichstein Nuno Carvalhais Gitta Lasslop Holger Lange Sonia I. Seneviratne Rodrigo Vargas Christof Ammann M.Altaf Arain Alessandro Cescatti Ivan A. Janssens Mirco Migliavacca Leonardo Montagnani Andrew D. RichardsonSammendrag
The respiratory release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the land surface is a major flux in the global carbon cycle, antipodal to photosynthetic CO2 uptake. Understanding the sensitivity of respiratory processes to temperature is central for quantifying the climate–carbon cycle feedback. We approximated the sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystem respiration to air temperature (Q10) across 60 FLUXNET sites with the use of a methodology that circumvents confounding effects. Contrary to previous findings, our results suggest that Q10 is independent of mean annual temperature, does not differ among biomes, and is confined to values around 1.4 ± 0.1. The strong relation between photosynthesis and respiration, by contrast, is highly variable among sites. The results may partly explain a less pronounced climate–carbon cycle feedback than suggested by current carbon cycle climate models.
Sammendrag
Traditional wood preservatives based on biocides are effective against wood-deteriorating organisms because of their toxicity. By contrast, modified woods are non-toxic by definition. To investigate the efficiency of various wood modifications, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to profile the DNA amounts of the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (L.) [Lloyd strain CTB 863 A] during an 8-week-long growth period in treated Pinus sylvestris (L.) sapwood. The studied wood was modified by acetylation, furfurylation, and thermal treatment. The traditional wood preservatives bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-copper (Cu-HDO) and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) were used as references, whereas untreated P. sylvestris (L.) sapwood served as a control. The maximum levels of fungal DNA in native wood occurred at the end of the experiment. For all wood treatments, the maximum fungal DNA level was recorded after an incubation period of 2 weeks, followed by a decline until the end of the trial. For the preservative-treated woods, Cu-HDO showed the lowest level of fungal DNA throughout the experiment, indicating that exploratory hyphal growth is limited owing to the phytotoxicity of the treatment. The other treatments did not inhibit the exploratory hyphal growth phase. We conclude that qPCR studies of hyphal growth patterns within wood should provide a powerful tool for evaluating and further optimizing new wood protection systems.
Forfattere
Tuula Kantola Mikko Vastaranta Xiaowei Yu Paivi Lyytikainen-Saarenmaa Markus Holopainen Mervi Talvitie Sanna Kaasalainen Svein Solberg Juha HyyppäSammendrag
Climate change and rising temperatures have been observed to be related to the increase of forest insect damage in the boreal zone. The common pine sawfly (Diprion pini L.) (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae) is regarded as a significant threat to boreal pine forests. Defoliation by D. pini can cause severe growth loss and tree mortality in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (Pinaceae). In this study, logistic LASSO regression, Random Forest (RF) and Most Similar Neighbor method (MSN) were investigated for predicting the defoliation level of individual Scots pines using the features derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and aerial images. Classification accuracies from 83.7% (kappa 0.67) to 88.1% (kappa 0.76) were obtained depending on the method. The most accurate result was produced using RF with a combination of data from the two sensors, while the accuracies when using ALS and image features separately were 80.7% and 87.4%, respectively. Evidently, the combination of ALS and aerial images in detecting needle losses is capable of providing satisfactory estimates for individual trees.
Forfattere
Svein SolbergSammendrag
Four alternative airborne laser scanning (ALS) canopy penetration variables were compared for their suitability for mapping of gap fraction, leaf area index and disturbances in a Scots pine forest. The variables were based on either echo counting or intensity, and on either first or first and last echoes. ALS data and field-measured gap fraction and effective leaf area index (LAIe) were gathered before and after a severe insect defoliation by pine sawflies. LAIe is a commonly used form of leaf area index that is mathematically derived from gap fraction, and includes the areas of foliage, branches and trunks, and which is not corrected for the clumping of foliage. The ALS penetration variables were almost equally strongly related to field-measured gap fraction and LAIe. The estimated slopes in the LAIe models varied from 0.94 to 2.71, and had coefficient of determination R 2 values of 0.92–0.94. They were strongly correlated to each other (R 2 values of 0.95–0.98) and agreed fairly well for temporal changes of LAIe during the summer and the insect defoliation (R 2 values of 0.82–0.95). Counting of first and last echoes produced penetration rates close to the gap fraction, and this penetration variable was able to penetrate tree crowns. Ground-only echoes represented mostly between-tree gaps, and canopy-first-ground-last pulses represented mostly within-canopy gaps. However, the penetration variables based on first and last echoes suffered from the problem that a second echo might be impaired both in low and in tall canopies. In low canopies, two adjacent echoes from the same pulse would be too close in time to be separated by the sensor, while in tall canopies the pulse might apparently be fragmented down through the canopy. The intensity-based penetration variables needed to be supplemented with reflectance values, or at least the ratio between reflectance of the canopy and the ground, and this ratio was estimated from the data. The study demonstrated that one might be able to distinguish between disturbance types, e.g. between defoliation and cutting, by comparing alternative ALS penetration variables. Insect defoliation was dominated by an increase in within-canopy gaps and, correspondingly, the fraction of partly penetrating canopy-first-ground-last pulses. Tree removals from cutting were dominated by increases in between-tree gaps and the corresponding fraction of ground-only pulses.
Sammendrag
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of interferometric X-band SAR (InSAR) for inventory of boreal forest biomass. We investigated the relationship between SRTM X-band InSAR height and above-ground biomass in a study area in southern Norway. We generated biomass reference data for each SRTM pixel from a field inventory in combination with airborne laser scanning (ALS). One set of forest inventory plots served for calibrating ALS based biomass models, and another set of field plots was used to validate these models. The biomass values obtained in this way ranged up to 250 t/ha at the stand level. The relationship between biomass and InSAR height was linear, no apparent saturation effect was present, and the accuracy was high (RMSE = 19%). The relationship differed between Norway spruce and Scots pine, where an increase in InSAR height of 1 m corresponded to an increase in biomass of 9.9 and 7.0 t/ha. respectively. Using a high-quality terrain model from ALS enabled biomass to be estimated with a higher accuracy as compared to using a terrain model from topographic maps. Interferometric X-band SAR appears to be a promising method for forest biomass monitoring. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.