Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2005
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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2004
Sammendrag
The sun is an abundant energy source, and increasing efforts are made to find more efficient ways to exploit it, than commonly used today. Hydrogen is considered to be the energy carrier of the future, and the potential for a sustainable system where hydrogen is obtained directly from solar energy, has been studied extensively. One alternative is the process of biophotolysis. Sulfur starvation of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is known to cause hydrogen production under illumination, by biophotolysis where solar energy is used to produce significant amounts of hydrogen involving parts of the photosynthetic process. So far, little is known about this process in other species, and in this work we have investigated different species of green algae with respect to hydrogen production under sulfur starvation. A number of algae cultures were screened with respect to physiological response to sulfur deprivation in small-scale laboratory cultures under controlled conditions. Test parameters included hydrogen production, reduction of oxygen production, changes in morphology and other aspects of physiology. Investigations of oxygen sensitivity of hydrogenases were also performed. It was shown that other species than C. reinhardtii are able to produce hydrogen under sulfur deprivation.
Sammendrag
Most energy carriers that are in common use today originate from solar energy. Hydrogen is considered to be the energy carrier of the future, and the potential for a sustainable system where hydrogen is obtained directly from solar energy, has been studied by several researchers over the years. Several groups of microorganisms have shown the ability to produce hydrogen by natural biological processes using solar energy. Efforts have been made to understand the mechanisms involved in photobiological hydrogen production from these organisms, and to optimise the process. This work has recently resulted in a significant breakthrough. It has been discovered that some species of green algae have the ability to produce significant amounts of hydrogen during sulphur starvation, which allows hydrogen to be produced in light. However, very little is known about how this process varies between species. We have chosen to investigate green algae, with the intention to examine a variety of species for hydrogen production during sulphur starvation. A number of algae cultures were screened with respect to physiological response to sulphur deprivation in small-scale laboratory cultures under controlled conditions. Results from both marine and fresh water algae will be presented.
Forfattere
Ole Martin Eklo Jens Kværner Eivind Solbakken Ivar Solberg Stein SorknesSammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
More than 50% of the groundwater recharge in Norway takes place during snowmelt. Given the possible threat to groundwater quality caused by potentially rapid transport through the unsaturated zone, it is important to understand the infiltration processes that take place during snowmelt, and the factors that control the temporal and spatial variability of such processes. Here, we report on the results of an experimental study of infiltration during the snowmelt period of 2001. The study was carried out at a well-characterised field plot, close to Oslo Airport. In order to examine the spatial and temporal variability of snowmelt infiltration, a series of electrical resistivity surveys were carried out using electrodes installed below the ground surface and in shallow boreholes. The results from this time-lapse survey reveal significant changes over time, and suggest that localised infiltration takes place. The patterns of inferred increases in saturation are consistent with observed reductions in snow cover and appear to be principally controlled by variations in microtopography. Resistivity changes observed at depth, using the borehole-based electrodes, show rapid percolation through the unsaturated profile. Such behaviour is consistent with observed rapid changes in local groundwater levels. The results confirm the potential threat to groundwater quality during snowmelt and illustrate the spatial scale of processes that require adequate attention in groundwater management in vulnerable areas.
Sammendrag
The quantitative expression and the regulation of chitinase-encoding genes ech30, ech42 and nag1 in Trichoderma atroviride P1 under varying growth conditions were investigated using real-time RT-PCR, principle component and multivariate analyses. Twelve media combinations including 0.1 % and 3 % glucose as carbon source and no (0 mM), low (10mM) and high (100 mM) ammonium acetate as nitrogen source combined with or without colloidal chitin at 3 time intervals and 2 replications were applied to current study. The real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of ech30, ech42 and nag1 was regulated by the interaction of nitrogen, glucose and chitin under different growth conditions. The highest and earliest expressions of ech30 were induced by glucose and nitrogen starvation i.e. 0.1% glucose and 10 mM ammonium acetate in the growth media. This was also the case for ech42 and nag1 but at a relatively low level. In contrast, high (3%) glucose and high (100 mM) ammonium acetate concentrations repressed the expression of all the genes studied. These results were confirmed by principle component and multivariate analyses. The effect of chitin on ech30, ech42 and nag1 expression varied depending on the concentrations of glucose and ammonium acetate.
Sammendrag
Anaerob behandling av våtorganisk avfall er på vei inn i norsk avfallsbehandling. Anaerob behandling har to sluttprodukter, metan og biorest. Bioresten inneholder organisk materiale og næringsstoffer og har derfor interesse som gjødselvare. Egenskapene til bioresten vil avhenge av råvarer som tilføres prosessen og av hvilke prosesstrinn den går gjennom under og etter anaerob behandling. Det er først og fremst tre produktformer det finnes erfaringer med. Flytende biorest er rik på lett tilgjengelige næringsstoffer og har potensial for bruk som hurtigvirkende gjødsel. Konsentrasjoner av næringsstoffer er høy og har relativt god balanse mellom hovednæringsstoffene. Det kan derfor være aktuelt med årlig gjødsling, uten at dette kommer i konflikt med mengdebegrensninger i gjødselvareforskriften. Flytende biorest tar i stor grad vare på næringsstoffene i avfallet og vil antakelig kunne benyttes som et alternativ til husdyrgjødsel der landbruket ikke har tilgang til dette. På den annen side krever det lagring og transport av store volumer, og både økonomi og avsetningsmuligheter i et slikt alternativ bør utredes videre. Gjennom videre foredling tapes mye av lett tilgjengelig nitrat og kalium. Avvannet og kompostert biorest vurderes derfor som jordforbedringsmidler med en viss gjødseleffekt. Kompostert biorest vil kunne benyttes som råvare i et dyrkingsmedium hvor den vil kunne fungere som en stabil og forutsigbar råvare. Kompostert biorest har et allsidig bruksområde og kan benyttes både av profesjonelle brukere og hobbydyrkere. Avvannet biorest kan først og fremst benyttes som jordforbedringsmidler med en viss gjødseleffekt til bruk på landbruket og grøntarealer. Enkelte avvannede biorester kan ha potensiale for bruk i dyrkingsmedier, om det er aktuelt bør man det gjøres en grundig vurdering av biorestens egenskaper i forkant.