Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Sammendrag
Oil transportation from the Russian part of the Barents Region along the Norwegian coast had insignificant volumes before 2002. However, in 2002 there was a dramatic increase in oil shipment, when 4 million tons of oil was transported across the northern regions. In 2003, the volume reached 8 million tons. The trend continued in 2004, and about 12 million tons of export oil and oil products were delivered from the Russian part of the Barents Region to the western market along the Norwegian coast. In 2005, the oil shipment volumes dropped to 9.5 million tons, and in 2006 increased to 10.5 million tons. In the present report on oil transportation from the Russian North, we have given special attention to the description of the existing and prospective offshore and onshore oil shipment terminals, and their connection to the oil reserves on one hand and to the export routes on the other. In this report we demonstrate that even without a trunk oil pipeline to the Barents Sea coast, the annual oil exports from the Russian part of the Barents Region may reach a volume of about 50-80 million tons in the next decade. About 50 million tons of crude oil and oil products can be delivered by railway to the Murmansk ports in the Barents Sea, and Kandalaksha and Arkhangelsk in the White Sea. In addition, up to 20 million tons of oil will come from the northern oil fields in the Nenets Autonomous Region, and from Prirazlomnoye oil field in the Pechora Sea. Prirazlomnoye is the first offshore industrial oil field in the Russian part of the Barents Region, the operations there will go on all year round, and most of the year in ice-covered waters. Dolginskoye oil field, which is also in the Pechora Sea and estimated to be three times as big as Prirazlomnoye, can produce the first oil in 2013. There will be stable increase in the amounts of oil shipped from Western Siberia. The terminals in the Kara Sea can load 2-3 million tons of crude oil for transhipment in the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea. In the European part of Russia there are three possibilities for shipping oil for export. The first way is through the Black Sea via the Bosporus to the Mediterranean Sea. Another route is through the Baltic Sea via the Gulf of Finland and Kattegat. The third alternative is to transport oil through the Barents Sea along the coasts of north-western Russia and northern Norway. Out of these three options only the northern one, the Barents Sea route, can provide the possibility of stable shipping large amounts directly to European and other major harbours, avoiding the challenges of transit through the neighbouring countries or heavy traffic in the sea straits. Oil pollution prevention should be the central issue during oil transportation in the Barents Sea. In this report we pay attention to the environmental safety matters in oil transportation and Norwegian-Russian co-operation in the oil pollution prevention. The increasing internationalisation of the transport system in the region appears to affect the present trend toward more advanced and safer terminals and vessels that comply with international safety rules. Early warning and notification of ships passing through the Norwegian waters has been used more frequently and on voluntary basis, but still not as often as desired and can be arranged within a bilateral Russian-Norwegian agreement. The establishment of traffic control centres in Vardø and Murmansk will considerably improve the oil spill prevention and response preparedness.
Sammendrag
The Skjønhaug constructed wetland (CW) is a free surface water (FSW) wetland polishing chemically treated municipal wastewater in southeastern Norway and consists of three ponds as well as trickling, unsaturated filters with light weight aggregates (LWA). Fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) have been measured during the autumn, winter and summer from all three ponds as well as from the unsaturated filters. Physicochemical parameters of the water have been measured at the same localities. The large temporal and spatial variation of N2O fluxes was found to cover a range of -0.49 to 110 mg N2O-N m-2 day-1, while the fluxes of CH4 was found to cover a range of -1.2 to 1900 mg m-2 day-1. Thus, both emission and consumption occurred. Regarding fluxes of N2O there was a significant difference between the summer, winter and autumn, with the highest emissions occurring during the autumn. The fluxes of CH4 were, on the other hand, not significantly different with regard to seasons. Both the emission of N2O and CH4 was positively influenced by the amount of total organic carbon (TOC). The measured fluxes of N2O and CH4 are in the same range as those reported from other CWs treating wastewater. There was an approximately equal contribution to the global warming potential from N2O and CH4.
Forfattere
Trond MæhlumSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
The Ministry of Agriculture and Food established in 1992 the Agricultural Environmental Monitoring Programme (AEMP) in Norway. The monitoring program is an important part of the overall strategy for sustainable development. One of the major and concrete objectives of the programme is to quantify and to document the diffuse nutrient losses from representative agricultural areas and production systems in different agro-ecological regions of Norway, and furthermore, to help generate adequate data and knowledge for policy support and for the implementation of appropriate environmental measures. The AEMP-programme also includes a component dealing with monitoring of pesticides, but this component is not described further in this paper. Bioforsk is in charge of the practical implementation of the program. This paper presents a brief description of the design and the structure of the program, various activities and routines that are applied and finally also a short summary of some major results in terms of measures nutrient losses. Similar programs as the Norwegian AEMP are established in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. These programs were established in close co-operation between Bioforsk and different research organisations in the Baltic countries. More information about the programs can be found in Vagstad et al (2001).
Forfattere
Ove BergersenSammendrag
Rapporten beskriver hvordan avslutningsdekke konstrueres og hvilke masser som kan inngå i avslutningsdekket på Buktamoen deponi. Senja Avfall har i dag til rådighet ulike masser som kan inngå i et toppdekke når deponiet avsluttes. Et riktig toppdekke med metanoksydasjonsjikt vil etter alt å dømme kunne oksidere mesteparten av all metan som produseres i fyllinga i dag. Når deponiet avsluttes bør et toppdekke såes til med grunt voksende vekster for å sikre og opprettholde en god jordstruktur. Dette vil skjerme mot rask uttørking og oppsprekking, samt motvirke forsumping i nedbørsperioder. Etter avslutning og tildekking bør det overvåkes på sikt om det lekker ut metangass fra toppdekket.
Forfattere
Marie Alexis Daniel Rasse C. Rumpel G. Bardoux N. Péchot P. Schmalzer B.G. Drake A. MariottiSammendrag
Fire profoundly modifies the terrestrial C cycle of about 40% of the Earth"s land surface. The immediate effect of fire is that of a net loss of C as CO2 gas and soot particles to the atmosphere. Nevertheless, a proportion of the ecosystem biomass is converted into charcoal, which contains highly recalcitrant molecular structures that contribute to long-term C storage. The present study aimed to assess simultaneously losses to the atmosphere and charcoal production rates of C and N compounds as a result of prescription fire in a Florida scrub-oak ecosystem. Pre-fire and post-fire charred and unburned organic matter stocks were determined for vegetation leaves and stems, litter and soil in 20 sub-plots installed in a 30-ha area that was subjected to prescribed fire. Concentrations of C and N were determined, and fluxes among pools and to the atmosphere were derived from these measurements. Soil C and N stocks were unchanged by the fire. Post-fire standing dead biomass contained 30% and 12% of pre-fire vegetation C and N stocks, respectively. In litter, post-fire stocks contained 64% and 83% of pre-fire C and N stocks, respectively. Most of the difference in relative losses between vegetation and litter could be attributed to substantial litter fall of charred and unburned leaves during the fire event. Indeed, an estimated 21% of pre-fire vegetation leaf C was found in the post-fire litter, while the remaining 79% was lost to the atmosphere. About 3/4 of the fire-induced leaf litter fall was in the form of unburned tissue and the remainder was charcoal, which amounted to 5% of pre-fire leaf C stocks. Charcoal production ranged between 4% and 6% of the fireaffected biomass, i.e. the sum of charcoal production and atmospheric losses. This value is below the range of literature values for the transformation of plant tissue into stable soil organic matter through humification processes, which suggests that fire generates a smaller quantity of stable organic C than humification processes over decades and potentially centuries.
Forfattere
Adam ParuchSammendrag
Patogene innvollsormer som er til stede i fekale forurensninger fra mennesker og dyr kan utgjøre en stor helserisiko da eggene har en stor overlevelsesevne som kan gi infeksjoner på lavere nivå og dessuten være resistente mot desinfeksjonsmidler. Derfor er fekalt avfall fra mennesker og dyr hovedkilde til forurensning av egg og larver fra innvollsormer i miljøet. Utveksling mellom vann og fekalier i det ytre miljøet er nødvendig for mange innvollsormer. Likevel er det sjelden det forekommer vannbårne epidemier av disse parasittene i forhold til patogene protozoer. Innvollsormer har en begrenset utbredelse i industrielt utviklede land og det er derfor begrenset informasjon om forekomst av egg fra innvollsormer i norsk avløpsvann. Forekomst av denne typen parasitter må imidlertid vurderes i forhold til behandling av avløpsvann i filtre som siden skal benyttes til landbruksformål, som f eks Filtralite. Dette skyldes at gjenbruk av filtermateriale kan være en spredningsvei for parasitter til omgivelsene. Enkle undersøkelser av smittsomme parasittegg i Filtralite filtermedia fra avløpsanlegg i spredt bebyggelse i Norge viste at det ikke var forekomst av slike patogene organismer. Det kan bety at filtermaterialet ikke utgjøre noen hygienisk risiko for miljøet i forhold til gjenbruksformål. Resultatene fra disse testene er utført på komposittprøver fra filteranlegg med Filtralite og gir ingen oversikt over forekomst av parasitter i råvannet og fjerningsrater i renseprosessen som foregår i slamavskiller, forfilter og filterbed. Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene av en litteratursammenstilling og trekker frem mulig scenarier for fjerning av parasittegg i avløpsvann i filterbed anlegg/konstruerte våtmarker med Filtralite. Det første scenariet refererer seg til vitenskaplige publiserte data som tar for seg fjerning av parasittegg i slamavskiller, videre i forfilter og filterbed hvor egg kan bli ødelagt og eliminert. Det andre scenariet baserer seg på antagelsen om at avløpsvannet er uten parasitter og det derfor er et filtermateriale uten parasitter (under norske forhold i spredt bebyggelse). Dersom en tar i betraktning informasjon fra den foreløpige undersøkelsen av parasittegg forekomst i Filtralite sammen med disse to scenariene, kan det hevdes at muligheten for å finne parasittegg fra humane innvollsormer i Filtralite fra filterbed er fjernet. En slik vurdering er imidlertid basert på et begrenset datagrunnlag foruten denne litteratur gjennomgangen. En mer detaljert undersøkelse av parasittenes skjebne i brukt Filtralite media kan bekrefte eller avkrefte disse scenariene for mht fjerning, eller eventuelt avdekke nye forhold ved fjerning av parasittegg.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Anne-Grete Buseth Blankenberg Nils-Otto Kitterød Lillian Øygarden Marianne Bechmann Johannes Deelstra Hans Olav Eggestad Heidi Anette GrønstenSammendrag
Formålet med prosjektet er å øke forståelsen av og å hjelpe kommunene med å håndtere utfordringer de vil stå over for ved ekstremvær. Instituttprogrammet skal kartlegge hvordan ekstremvær påvirker prosesser som kan føre til økt avrenning av næringssalter og økt eutrofiering.
Forfattere
Trond MæhlumSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag