Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Host tree terpenes can influence attraction of conifer-infesting bark beetles to their aggregation pheromones, and both synergistic and inhibitory effects have been reported. We tested a gradient of ratios of (–)-α-pinene, the predominant monoterpene in Norway spruce, to the pheromone of Ips typographus, a major pest of Norway spruce. Attraction of I. typographus increased as the release rate of (–)-α-pinene increased. The two highest (–)-α-pinene : pheromone ratios (526 : 1 and 2595 : 1) attracted twice as many I. typographus as pheromone alone, whereas low to intermediate ratios (56 : 1, 274 : 1) did not differ from pheromone alone. Our results are in agreement with a proposed model, which suggests that bark beetles display unique response profiles to host terpenes depending on the physiological condition of the host trees that they typically colonize. Ips typographus, which is an aggressive species capable of colonizing and killing healthy trees, showed an increased attraction to monoterpene : pheromone ratios, and this may be high enough to inhibit attraction of less aggressive beetle species typically colonizing dead, dying or stressed trees. Attraction of associates of I. typographus was also modified by (–)-α-pinene. Ips duplicatus, a competitor of I. typographus, showed increased attraction to the pheromone of I. typographus across all concentrations of (–)-α-pinene.
Sammendrag
Dersom vi får et varmere klima er noen effekter tilnærmet sikre, slik som at mange insekter vil øke sin utbredelse mot nord, og at utviklingen fra egg til voksent insekt vil gå raskere. På et generelt plan er slike direkte klimaeffekter lette å forutsi, men for å kunne si noe presist om hvordan det vil slå ut for den enkelte art trenger vi mer detaljert kunnskap om blant annet temperaturkrav. Skadeinsektene lever i et samspill med sine vertstrær, naturlige fiender og konkurrenter, og klimaendringer vil også påvirke dette samspillet. Slike indirekte klimaeffekter kan få store konsekvenser, men er vanskeligere å forutsi enn de direkte effektene.
Sammendrag
Studies of defense mechanisms in Norway spruce Picea abies against the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus show that inducible defenses are triggered by unsuccessful beetle attacks. Moreover, spruce trees can be vaccinated against bark beetle attacks through stem bark inoculation with Ceratocystis polonica, an aggressive fungal associate of Ips typographus. Artificial inoculation with certain other fungi has a similar effect, making treated trees a tougher mach for attacking beetles. A similar enhancement of resistance can be achieved by stem surface treatment with methyl jasmonate. Enhanced resistance is associated with the formation of traumatic resin ducts, and mobilization of phenolic substances in living parenchyma cells. The phenolics appear to mix with the traumatic resin. Similar mechanisms are operating in other conifers. We hypothesize that unsuccessful beetle attacks produce a vaccination effect in the trees, enhancing their resistance to later attack. Adding the effect of induced resistance as a model factor shows an immediate effect on the population dynamics of Ips typographus.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
The Norwegian Monitoring Programme for Forest Damage (OPS) has since its start registered damage to selected trees. The aim of the registrations has been to explain variations in crown density and crown colour. In answer to international requests, the Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute has prepared a short guide to the determination of the most common forms of damage found in Norwegian forests...
Sammendrag
Et 4-årig forskningsprosjekt ved Norsk institutt for skog og landskap har fokusert på hvilke effekter et endret klima kan få på granbarkbillen. Dette er den andre av to artikler som gjengir noen av resultatene og hva de kan bety for norsk skog. I forrige artikkel tok vi for oss hvordan utbruddene kan bli både hyppigere og kortere i fremtiden, og at svingningene i bestandsnivået skjer i takt over store områder. Her ser vi på hvordan varmere somre i fremtiden kan øke granbarkbillens utviklingshastighet fra egg til voksent insekt. Resultatet kan bli at vi får to barkbillegenerasjoner per sommer i stedet for én, og dermed to perioder der billene angriper skog.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Numerous fungicide applications are often needed to control powdery mildews in greenhouse-grown crops, and consequently there is an increasing demand for alternative means to control them. In commercial greenhouses, attack of powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii in cucumbers and P. pannosa in cut roses was controlled by weekly sprays of C-Pro CE601, a dilution of grapefruit seed extract (GSE). The raw material of GSE, delivered by Citricidalâ, is a glycerolic extract from seed and juiceless pulp of grapefruits (Citrus paradise). In both cultures C-Pro at 2000 ppm achieved as good control as treatments with penconazole or triforine. The mean level of attack by powdery mildew on leaves of cut roses one week after the last of three weekly treatments, was 9.8, 12.9 and 40.5 % for penconazole, C-Pro (2000 ppm), and untreated, respectively. In cucumbers, there was less difference between the untreated control and the different treatments, but for all times of assessments, C-Pro and triforine were better than untreated (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in cucumber between C-Pro and triforine. Phytotoxicity symptoms like leaf twisting and rolling in roses (cv. Jade and Cezann) and dark green leaves and indications of growth retardation in cucumbers (cv. Ventura) were observed at the higher concentrations used (3000-4000 ppm). Thin layer chromatography of C-Pro CE601 has previously shown presence of benzethonium chloride, a synthetic antiseptic agent. Further research is necessary to determine if the observed effects of the product tested are due to natural compounds or if it is merely due to a synthetic preservative agent added. Our results revealed that C-Pro might be a supplement or even a replacement to some of the current fungicides used against powdery mildew.