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Publikasjoner

NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.

2006

Sammendrag

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) has a natural distribution in the northern parts of Europe and Asia and is economically the most important tree species grown in the Nordic countries. A common threat to Norway spruce is the basidiomyceteous fungus Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä and Korhonen. H. parviporum mainly attacks Norway spruce, although Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) occasionally get infected. One obstacle to studying host/pathogen interaction in conifers has been the limited availability of mature clones for controlled inoculations, as genetic variation within the host material and the lack of replicates complicate interpretation of the results. Somatic embryogenesis, rooted cuttings, and tissue cultures may provide solutions for this problem. Tissue cultures from mature Norway spruce trees have been proposed as a possible model system for assessing resistance toward fungal pathogens. Recent data on chitinase isoform activity in the Norway spruce/H. parviporum pathosystem are encouraging; clonal variation was observed in the isoforms affected by inoculation, and the isoforms showing increased band intensity following bark inoculation by H. parviporum were also induced in the inoculated tissue cultures of the corresponding clones. To investigate the biological relevance of tissue cultures in host-pathogen interaction studies, transcript levels of selected host and pathogen genes in tissue cultures of Norway spruce were compared to those in bark of 33-year-old ramets of the same clones upon challenge by the pathogenic fungus H. parviporum. Similar transcript profiles of the pathogen and host genes were observed in both tissues, this supporting the use of tissue cultures as experimental material for the pathosystem. Higher transcript levels of the host genes phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase were observed in the more resistant clone #589 than in the less resistant clone #409 during the early stages of colonization. The most striking difference between the spruce clones was related to gene transcript levels of a class IV chitinase, which showed a continuous increase in clone #409 over the experimental period, with a possible association of this gene product to programmed cell death. Several of the fungal genes assayed were differentially expressed during colonization, including putative glutathione-S-transferases, laccase, cellulase, cytochrome P450 and superoxide dismutase genes. The transcriptional responses suggest an important role for the antioxidant systems of both organisms.

Sammendrag

Søtkirsebærknoppar på bukettgreiner og skot vart undersøkt for smitte av Colletotrichum acutatum før knoppsprett i 4 sesongar. Både knoppar frå greiner som var smitta med C. acutatum året før og naturleg infiserte knoppar vart undersøkt. Soppen sporulerte på knoppane med små oransje hornliknande strukturar. Frå naturleg infiserte greiner var det frå 2 til 80% knoppar med sporulering på bukettgreiner  og 0 til 53% på knoppar frå skot. Tilsvarande på knoppar frå greiner smitta året før var 38 til 79% på bukettgreiner og 4 til 45% på skot. På bukettgreinene som har både generative og vegetative knoppar var det mest sporulering på dei generative. Slike infeksjonar på knoppar er truleg ei viktig kjelde til smitte av C. acutatum om våren.

Sammendrag

Artikkelen gjev eit kort oversyn over ulike soppar som er årsak til rote på lagra eple, i tillegg til gode råd for å unngå lagerrote og få epla til å halda seg lenge.

Sammendrag

The aim of this three-year study (2001"2003) was to optimize fungicide application against anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum) in sweet and sour cherry orchards. The experimental sprays were applied to trees receiving normal fungicide programmes (grower schedule), although without the use of dithianon, except for the first year where only the experimental applications were applied to the sour cherry trees. Fungicide treatments were applied with either dithianon or copperoxychloride added prior to flowering or with dithianon added after flowering. Spraying with dithianon or copperoxychloride prior to flowering did not significantly reduce anthracnose compared to untreated. Two applications with dithianon during the green fruit stage (from petal fall and during the following 3"4 weeks) greatly reduced anthracnose at harvest. Three applications on green fruit did not reduce disease more than two applications. In sweet cherries, two sprays with dithianon at the green fruit stage in addition to the grower schedule reduced anthracnose at harvest from 14% to 3% in 2002 and from 15% to 1% the following year. In 2001, when very few fruit developed anthracnose, no treatment effects were evident. Treatments on green sour cherry fruit similar to those on sweet cherries reduced the attack of anthracnose from 85% to 42% in 2002 and from 51% to 12% the following year. In 2001, no treatment included only sprays on green fruit. However, one treatment, which included copperoxychloride at bud burst, one application of dithianon during flowering and two applications on green fruits, reduced anthracnose from 27% to 9%. Based on these results, cherry growers are recommended to spray twice with dithianon on green fruit if they have a history of anthracnose in their orchards.

Sammendrag

Svampen alperoserust er for nylig fundet i Norge. Det kan derfor ikke udelukkes, at den også kan blive et problem i Danmark. Alperoserust kendes på rødbrune pletter på oversiden af rhododendronblade og gule sporehobe på undersiden af bladene.

Sammendrag

Hagtornrust har tvunge vertskifte mellom einer og hagtorn. Våren 2006, var det svært mykje hagtornrust på einer i Ås-området. Barken på stamme og greiner var delvis dekka av oransje, geleaktige utvekstar/"horn".  Soppen overvintrar berre på einer, der det vert danna fleirårig mycel (nettverk av sopptrådar). Dei oransje "horna" vert danna når overvintringsstadiet (teleutostadiet) svulmar opp. Teleutosporar spirer og gir opphav til nye sporar (basidiesporar) som spreiar seg med vind til hagtorn. Basidiesporane spirer på nyveksten av hagtorn og fører til at blad, bladstilkar, årsskot, blomar og frukter svell opp.