Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Sammendrag
Inn på tunet er tilrettelagte tilbud på gårdsbruk, rettet mot enkeltmennesker og/eller grupper. Målsettingen med Inn på tunet er primært å bidra positivt til helse, utvikling og trivsel for den enkelte bruker. Tilbudene bygger på samarbeid med oppvekst-, utdannings-, helse- eller sosialsektoren, og omfatter aktiviteter som bygger på både gårdens og bondens ressurser. Gårdbrukeren er direkte involvert i tilbudet, enten som leder eller i en assisterende rolle. Gårdsmiljøet åpner for mange muligheter for aktiviteter, der stell av dyr og planter, drift av skogen og pleie av kulturlandskapet, vedlikehold av maskiner og bygningsmasse utgjør aktivitetsgrunnlaget. Men det er også en rekke muligheter som ikke nødvendigvis har noe direkte med gårdsdriften å gjøre. Det kan være aktiviteter som snekring, husflid, baking og produksjon av ulike produkter - for eksempel ved. Norsk institutt for landbruksøkonomisk forskning (NILF) har undersøkt Inn på tunet (IPT) gjennom en telefonundersøkelse og økonomiundersøkelse blant tjenesteytere. Telefonundersøkelsen hentet erfaringer fra alle fylker, hvor vi tok for oss omfang og daglig drift av IPT fra Fylkesmannens Landbruksavdeling (FMLA) sin side. Økonomiundersøkelsen av IPT-aktiviteten omfattet åtte gårdsbruk for regnskapsåret 2005. Her kartla vi inntekter, kostnader, investeringer og arbeidsforbruk i forbindelse med IPT. Gårdene ble plukket ut i Møre og Romsdal, Sør- og Nord-Trøndelag Seks av gårdsbrukene ble i tillegg intervjuet om IPT-aktiviteten. Intervjuene omfattet motiver for oppstart, erfaringer fra etablering og drift, og gårdbrukerens egen vurdering av aktiviteten. Gårdene vi har undersøkt har tilbud rettet både mot skole/utdanning og mot psykisk helse. […]
Forfattere
Ingunn Molund Vågen Trygve Aamlid Arne Oddvar SkjelvågSammendrag
The effects of three nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates (0, 120, and 240 kg N ha(-1)) and two planting times (May or late June/July) on yield and N use of the early cultivar 'Milady' and the late cultivar 'Marathon' of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) were investigated on three silty loam soils varying in soil mineral N (Nmin) in the southernmost part of Norway during 1999 and 2001. In all crops receiving fertilizer, rapid uptake of N started about three weeks after planting. The relative yield of broccoli heads increased with increasing soil available N (fertilizer N plus Nmin) at planting to 200-250 kg N ha(-1) and then levelled off. The two lower fertilizer rates were more restrictive to yields in early-planted than in late-planted crops. A general increase in harvest index with increasing N rate reflected a stronger effect of N on the head yield than on the total above ground biomass production. The apparent recovery of fertilizer N decreased with increasing N rate and was on average 74% in total above ground biomass and 25% in broccoli heads. Despite a higher N uptake, the average soil mineral N level at harvest increased from 12 kg N ha(-1) on unfertilized plots to 27 and 78 kg N ha(-1) on plots receiving 120 and 240 kg N ha(-1), respectively; this increase was stronger in early than in late plantings and stronger in 'Milady' than in 'Marathon'. The yield of broccoli heads was similar in the two cultivars, but 'Milady' had a lower total biomass production and thus a higher harvest index, presumably due to earlier head initiation.
Forfattere
Lars Tørres Havstad Trygve S. AamlidSammendrag
Tiller demography and contribution to seed yield were studied in first year seed crops of Bromus inermis `Løfar" and Festuca pratensis `Salten" planted on different dates and with increasing plant densities (A: 15 or 18 Jun / 11 plants m-2, B: 15 or 30 July / 44 plants m-2, C: 15 August or 10 September /178 plants m-2) in field trials at Landvik, SE Norway, in 1998 and 1999. While the total tiller population in most crops increased until seed harvest, it decreased during panicle elongation in crops of Bromus inermis and Festuca pratensis that had reached 2000 and 3500 tillers m-2 in early spring, respectively. Except for the fact that many of the primary tillers of Bromus inermis died after producing barren stems, tillers formed in August and September had the greatest chance of becoming reproductive and produced the longest culms with the heaviest inflorescences in both species. Most tillers produced in winter or early spring either remained vegetative or died, but spring-emerging tillers contributed up to 30% of the total seed yield in early-established, low-density crops of Festuca pratensis. The results are discussed in relation to former papers suggesting that inter-tiller transfer of flower induction stimuli is possible in some perennial grasses. It is concluded that tillers produced in winter and spring contribute more to seed yield in Festuca pratensis than in Bromus inermis.
Sammendrag
I 2005 var 3,5 % av jordbruksarealene økologiske, og det var registrert 2 496 godkjente, økologiske produsenter i Norge. Andelen økologisk produksjon varierer mellom ulike landsdeler og produksjoner. Produksjonen av økologisk melk var på 25,6 mill. liter, eller om lag 1,7 % av totalproduksjonen av melk i 2005, mens for eksempel innveid mengde storfeslakt bare utgjorde 0,6 % av totalproduksjonen. Det er et klart vekstpotensial for økologisk produksjon i Norge, og for mange økologiske produkter kan det også være mulig å øke andelen som faktisk når markedet som økologisk. Storhusholdningsmarkedet i Norge kan deles inn ifølgende virksomheter: Institusjonsmarkedet som i hovedsak er offentlig, kantine og catering som er både privat og offentlig og hotell- og restaurantmarkedet som i hovedsak er privat. Storkjøkken på institusjoner serverer mat til pasienter, pleietrengende og andre, mens kantinene selger maten til sine kunder. Økologiske varer er noe dyrere enn konvensjonelle. Mens institusjonskjøkken må kompenseres for de økte kostnadene ved å øke andelen økologiske matvarer, kan kantiner velge å hente inn merkostnaden ved økologiske råvarer ved å ta en høyere pris. Hvor mye prisen kan øke ved omlegging til økologiske uten at etterspurt mengde reduseres, er ikke kjent. Hvilken mat som serveres vil ha noe å si for mulighetene til å substituere en eksisterende meny med en annen. Eksempelvis kan det tenkes at en kantine som i hovedsak serverer tørrmat lettere vil kunne oppnå et mål om en viss andel økologiske varer ved å bytte til relativt rimelige leveranser av økologiske bakervarer og økologisk ost og melk; mens et storkjøkken som i hovedsak serverer varmmat vil kunne ha vanskeligheter med å få relativt rimelige leveranser av økologiske poteter, kjøtt, fisk og grønnsaker. […]
Forfattere
Ketil Kohmann Øystein JohnsenSammendrag
The object of this study was to obtain Norway spruce seedlings with buds set, ready for summer planting from the 1st of July. With an early long night treatment we prevented flushing of the newly formed terminal buds, ceased height growth, but slightly reduced hardiness in buds and needles. Nevertheless, a sufficient hardiness level in the autumn was acquired at a Norwegian nursery at 59°46’ N, with plants of the local provenance given a long night treatment (14 hours) for 13 days from the 25th of June. The similar treatment at a nursery at 64°30’N did not give the same result; all treatments led to a second flush with resumed growth of the local provenance. A trial with seed lots from several provenances was therefore performed at this nursery, and a significant correlation between the critical night length of the seed lot, and their ability to produce non-flushing buds, was found; the longer the critical night length of the seed lot, the less non-flushing buds. Responses at the northern nursery are probably due to the non existing dark period after termination of the treatment, and a too short treatment period to attain bud dormancy. An early and successful long-night treatment will, in addition, produce shorter seedlings with a larger root collar diameter.
Sammendrag
To obtain information that might help in the use of Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomopthorales) in biological control of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), in strawberries and cucumbers we have tried to answer the following questions in a series of studies*): 1) When, and at what infection levels does N. floridana occur in T. urticae populations in field grown strawberries? 2) How does N. floridana survive harsh climatic conditions (i.e winter) in Norway? 3) Where do N. floridana infected T. urticae move and sporulate on a plant? 4) How do commonly used pesticides in strawberries affect N. floridana and T. urticae? 5) How can N. floridana be inoculated in augmentative microbial control of T. urticae? Results show that N. floridana infected and killed T. urticae in 12 out of 12 Norwegian strawberry fields studied. Infection levels up to 90% were observed, and the highest levels were observed late in the season. The infection levels throughout a season varied considerably. N. floridana was observed to over-winter as hyphal bodies in hibernating T. urticae females throughout the winter. Cadavers with resting spores were found from October to the end of January. Cadavers then probably disintegrated, and resting spores were left on leaves, soil, etc. In a bioassay where a Norwegian N. floridana isolate was tested for numbers and distance of spores thrown at three different temperatures (13o, 18o, 23o C), results show that the highest numbers of spores (1886 and 1733 per cadaver) were thrown at 13o and 18o compared to 23o C (1302 per cadaver). Spores were thrown at the same distance (up to about 6 mm) at all three temperatures when cadavers were placed with dorsal side facing up. Cadavers placed with dorsal side down (hanging) threw equal numbers of spores up (on the underside of the leaf in nature) and down (on the leaf below). The effects of pesticides used in strawberries on the N. floridana infection level were studied to evaluate factors that might be important for conservation biological control. The pesticides tested were three fungicides; Euparen (tolylfluanid), Teldor (fenhexamid), Switch (cyprodinil +fludioxonil) and one acaricide/ insecticide: Mesurol (methiocarb). The experiment indicated that all three fungicides affect N. floridana negatively but that Euparen might be the least harmful. Mesurol did not affect N. floridana. Our attempt to inoculate N. floridana artificially in a strawberry field has not yet been successful, but we now work on promising methods for inoculation of N. floridana in T. urticae populations in greenhouse cucumbers. More detailed results from the studies referred to in this abstract will soon be published elsewhere.
Forfattere
Marie Alexis Daniel Rasse C. Rumpel G. Bardoux N. Péchot P. Schmalzer B.G. Drake A. MariottiSammendrag
Fire profoundly modifies the terrestrial C cycle of about 40% of the Earth"s land surface. The immediate effect of fire is that of a net loss of C as CO2 gas and soot particles to the atmosphere. Nevertheless, a proportion of the ecosystem biomass is converted into charcoal, which contains highly recalcitrant molecular structures that contribute to long-term C storage. The present study aimed to assess simultaneously losses to the atmosphere and charcoal production rates of C and N compounds as a result of prescription fire in a Florida scrub-oak ecosystem. Pre-fire and post-fire charred and unburned organic matter stocks were determined for vegetation leaves and stems, litter and soil in 20 sub-plots installed in a 30-ha area that was subjected to prescribed fire. Concentrations of C and N were determined, and fluxes among pools and to the atmosphere were derived from these measurements. Soil C and N stocks were unchanged by the fire. Post-fire standing dead biomass contained 30% and 12% of pre-fire vegetation C and N stocks, respectively. In litter, post-fire stocks contained 64% and 83% of pre-fire C and N stocks, respectively. Most of the difference in relative losses between vegetation and litter could be attributed to substantial litter fall of charred and unburned leaves during the fire event. Indeed, an estimated 21% of pre-fire vegetation leaf C was found in the post-fire litter, while the remaining 79% was lost to the atmosphere. About 3/4 of the fire-induced leaf litter fall was in the form of unburned tissue and the remainder was charcoal, which amounted to 5% of pre-fire leaf C stocks. Charcoal production ranged between 4% and 6% of the fireaffected biomass, i.e. the sum of charcoal production and atmospheric losses. This value is below the range of literature values for the transformation of plant tissue into stable soil organic matter through humification processes, which suggests that fire generates a smaller quantity of stable organic C than humification processes over decades and potentially centuries.
Forfattere
Samson Øpstad Liv Østrem Inger NordengenSammendrag
Jordart og vérlag har svært mykje å seia for kor godt vilkåra ligg til rette for økologisk engdyrking. Jordarten er avgjerande både for jordfysiske- og jordkjemiske tilhøve, og såleis også for korleis ein maktar å halda oppe næringsforsyninga og avlingsnivået over tid. Eit godt innslag av kløver i enga er viktig for avlingsnivået og avlingskvaliteten ved økologisk drift. Det er difor viktig å få etablert ei eng med stor del kløver i attleggsåret, og å halda oppe ein høg andel kløver utover i engåra.
Sammendrag
Neozygites floridana is a fungus in the order Entomophthorales that infects and kills the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. The fungus is therefore of interest for the biological control of T. urticae. To obtain information that might help in the use of this fungus under practical conditions in strawberries and cucumbers we have tried to answer the following questions in a series of studies*): 1) When, and at what infection levels does N. floridana occurre in T. urticae populations in fieldgrown strawberries? 2) How and where does N. floridana survive harsh climatic conditions (i.e winter) in Norway? 3) How and where does N. floridana infected T. urticae move and sporulate on a plant? 4) How do commonly used pesticides in strawberries affect N. floridana and T. urticae? 5) How can N. floridana be inoculated in augmentative microbial control of T. urticae? Results show that N. floridana infected and killed T. urticae in 12 out of 12 Norwegian strawberry fields studied. Infection levels up to 90% were observed, and the highest levels were observed late in the season. The infection levels throughout a season varied considerably. N. floridana was observed to overwinter as both hyphal bodies in hibernating T. urticae females from October to at least February at temperatures as low as -20o C. Cadavers with resting spores were found from October to the end of January. Cadavers then probably disintegrated, and resting spores were left on leaves, soil, etc. In a bioassay where a Norwegian N. floridana isolate was tested for numbers and distance of spores thrown at three different temperatures (13o, 18o, 23o C), preliminary results show that high numbers of spores (ca 1300-1900 per cadaver) were thrown at all three temperatures. Further, spores were thrown about the same distance (up to about 6 mm) at all three temperatures. The effects of pesticides used in strawberries on the N. floridana infection level were studied to evaluate factors that might be important for conservation biological control. The pesticides tested were three fungicides; Euparen (tolylfluanid), Teldor (fenhexamid), Switch (cyprodinil +fludioxonil) and one acaricide/ insecticide: Mesurol (methiocarb). The experiment indicated that all three fungicides affect N. floridana negatively but that Euparen might be the least harmful. Mesurol did not affect N. floridana. Our attempts to inoculate N. floridana artificially in a strawberry field has not yet been successful, but we now work on promising methods for inoculation of N. floridana in T. urticae populations in greenhouse cucumbers. More detailed results from the studies referred to in this abstract will soon be published elsewhere.
Forfattere
Kjell Mangerud Lars Olav Brandsæter Kjell WærnhusSammendrag
The objective of the ongoing study is to obtain new knowledge to provide a fundament for improving weed harrowing in organic cereal production as well as optimising weed harrowing as an alternative for herbicides in conventional farming. Results from field experiments on three locations during three years will be presented and discussed. The experiments included the factors: a) different manufactures of spring tine weed harrows, type of tines and used with different aggressiveness (adjusted through tine working depth and speed); b) cereal developmental stages; and c) soil types (locations) and conditions as well as weed infestation levels. The project included new experimental equipment including a specially constructed 1.5 meter wide harrow, which made it possible to treat many small sub-plots. Cereal yield and quality, number and dry matter weight (biomass) of weeds, and soil water content, soil share strength, and soil penetration resistance were recorded. The resulting intensity of the harrowing operation was measured using digital pictures taken before and after harrowing to give an estimate of cereal coverage of the soil. Pre-emergence harrowing and harrowing at early 1-leaf crop stage reduced in general weed number and biomass compared to untreated control. The mean weed reduction over locations and years was about 40%, but this reduction was not always significant different to control plots. In one year, harrowing at those early stages gave an increase in weed number and biomass, presumably because of rainy weather after harrowing. In general, pre-emergence harrowing and harrowing at early 1-leaf stage increased crop yield compared to untreated, but harrowing at such stages occasionally also resulted in small yield reductions. We conclude, however, that this early harrowing should be carried out every year. Weed harrowing once, either at 2 or 3-4 crop leaf stages, also gave decreased weed number and biomass, but no clear influence on cereal yield. Therefore, harrowing at these late stages is an opportunity, if weather conditions do not allow weed harrowing at earlier stages. The combination of pre-emergence harrowing and harrowing at 3-4 leaf stage gave a significant reduction of weed number and biomass compared to untreated control. In general, harrowing twice gave increased crop yields, but the differences were only significant at one of the locations. The potential benefit of a second harrowing at the 3-4 leaf stage depends on the weed situation, number and biomass, as well as crop competitiveness. Our results have indicated that the threshold for weed harrowing may be around 300 annual weeds m-2, but more knowledge is needed for verifying the level of total number and species. If the number of weeds is less, weed harrowing twice gives a significant reduction in weed number, but not an increase in yield compared to only one weed harrowing at an early growth stage. Furthermore, our results indicate that the different types of harrows and tines will not work properly on all soil types. On light soils, all of them gave satisfying results. However, a normal tine (" 7mm bent Einböck or a " 10mm long straight CMN) is not rigid enough on soil types that build a soil crust after rain. An " 8mm bend Einböck tine, however, was better at breaking a soil crust and thereby improve cereal plant emergence on such soils. On the other hand, it is important not to adjust such tines too aggressive when no crust is present. Another trial showed that a straight tine will pick up less stones on stony soils than a bent one will do, stones which might damage the combiner during combining. Our results from one of the locations (medium light soil with stones) showed that yield as well as reductions in weed number or biomass m-2 was not affected by tine type.