Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Forfattere
Tor Håkon SivertsenSammendrag
A few ideas connected to the scope of scientific work in agronomy and agro meteorology and the scope of the scientific principle is first outlined. Then the concepts of `sustainability" and `sustainable agriculture" is presented, and the content of different definitions of these concepts is discussed. General ideas of using quantitative parameters, indices, to measure sustainability is presented. Then different ways of defining indices is discussed.A concept connected to `subsistence farmimg" called `tiny orchard" is presented and discussed, and the possible use of this concept `tiny orchard" as a referenc system for measuring and definig `sustainable agriculture" is discussed. The actual life cycle of a commercial agricultural product , an apple to be consumed fresh, is outlined; and this is compared to what is happening in a `tiny orchard" with and apple on an apple tree. Some importantant cycles connected to sustainable agriculture is mentioned, the fresh water cycle and the cycles of nitrogen and phosphorous. The following idea is discussed:"The idea of changing the focus in agricultural production from maximizing the crop yield to keeping the ecolological system of the farming and the local area sound and in order". Man is an organism like other organisms. He ought to take care of his surroundings and the other species, to take care of a ttallity of biological systems on the Eatth. probaly no god or gods will take care of him if does not succed in doeng this.The content of the concepts of adaption and mitigation connected to clobal change is also finally mentioned. References and biblography: Leane, M., 2005, The quest for an Environmental Metric: gazing at weather systems, a ground-breaking scientist spawned on ecological accounting standard the Wall Street might one day embrace ( http:// www.cfo/printable/article.cfn/530007?f=options), CFO Publishing Maine, T., 2005, Towards a Metric of Sustanability ( http://www.isoconference.org.au/ papers/ Maine.pdf), CSIRO Publish Jain, R., 2005, Sustainability metrics, specific indicators and preference index (http://www.springerlink.com/media/h4d4779uuq0yynfhktb6/contributions/t/2/2/5/t22524055312t88.pdf), Clean Techn. Environ. Polocy /:71-72
Sammendrag
I Haldenvassdraget og Morsavassdraget er det sterkt fokus på redusert jordarbeiding for å redusere erosjon og fosforavrenning. Jordartene i nedbørfeltene er dominert av marine avsetninger med siltig mellomleire, siltig lettleire og sand. Jorda langs Morsavassdraget er noe lettere enn jorda i Haldenvassdraget. Jordegenskapene har betydning for de agronomiske mulighetene for og miljøeffektene av redusert jordarbeiding. Rent agronomisk eller dyrkingsmessig gir endring av normal praksis for jordarbeiding en del utfordringer. Noen av disse utfordringene som bonden ser, er reelle, men ikke nødvendigvis alle. Vårpløying er et tiltak som ikke krever vesentlige endringer på maskinparken, men kunnskapen om smuldring, laglighet og bearbeidingsdybde blir mer avgjørende enn ved den tradisjonelle høstpløyinga. Vårpløying er et interessant alternativ for jordarbeiding fordi det har stor effekt på erosjon samtidig som ugraset kontrolleres godt. I forsøk har høstpløying gitt avlinger på 488, vårpløying 492 og vårharving 510 kg/daa på siltig mellomleire i Ås. Generelt er det for vårharving og direktesåing en viss risiko for noe avlingsnedgang over tid. I praksis forventer vi at direktesåing er noe mer utsatt for reduserte avlinger enn vårharving selv om dette ikke er like synlig i de ulike langvarige forsøkene. I forsøk med direktesåing var det ingen forhold som tydet på at det er nødvendig å pløye for å «kvitte» seg med halmen der jorda ble direktesådd i mange år etter hverandre uten å fjerne halmen. Halmen kan føre til spirehemming på grunn av stoffer som skilles ut ved nedbrytning av halmen og på grunn av immobilisering av nitrogen. Dessuten kan halmen overføre plantesykdommer fra et år til et annet. Det er generelt små forskjeller i jordstruktur, målt som porevolum og jordtetthet. Det er imidlertid gjennomgående at en finner noe større vannlagringsevne i jorda, men noe mindre luft. Fastheten i jorda øker noe. Dette behøver ikke være negativt da dette tilsier at jordas bæreevne øker. Redusert jordarbeiding har påvirket innholdet av organisk materiale i jorda mer enn nedmolding av halm. […]
Sammendrag
In Norway, Nordmann (Abies nordmanniana) and subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa) are the dominant Christmas tree species and Noble fir (A. procera) the dominant species for bough production. In the spring of 2005 a survey was undertaken to determine the presence of fungi on seeds of these three plant species. Twelve seed samples were tested; five from Nordmann fir, four from subalpine fir and three from Noble fir. The test included seeds produced in Austria (Nordmann fir), Canada (subalpine fir), Georgia (Nordmann fir), Norway (Noble and subalpine fir) and Russia (Nordmann fir). The testing was done in a certified seed laboratory in Norway. One hundred seeds per sample were pre-treated in 1 % NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and 100 seeds per sample were pre-treated in H2O2 and plated on water agar (WA). The PDA Petri dishes were incubated for 5 to 7 days at 20 + 2 ºC and the WA Petri dishes for 15 to 19 days at 15 + 2 ºC, both under alternating 12 h NUV-light and 12 h darkness. To date not all of the fungi have been identified, but fungi from several genera have been found: Alternaria, Anthostomella, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Botrytis, Caloscypha, Cephalosporium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Dictyopolyschema, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Phoma, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, and Trichothecium. Caloscypha was only found on one subalpine fir seedlot from Canada and Anthostomella on one subalpine fir seed from Norway. All the other fungi were more commonly found in all the samples. Fusarium species are well known to cause damping off in nurseries, but are not reported to cause problems in production fields. Species of Alternaria, Phoma, Botrytis and Trichothecium can damage seedlings. Anthostomella conorum is reported on cone scales of pine (Pinus spp.), but is not described as pathogenic. Aureobasidium is described as a saprophytic or weakly parasitic cosmopolitan fungal genus. Aureobasidium sp. is commonly found in Norway on buds of subalpine fir which fail to open in spring, and it will therefore be included in a pathogenicity test.
Forfattere
Trygve S. Aamlid Larsbo Mats Nick JarvisSammendrag
Fungi, especially those causing winter diseases, are major problems on golf course putting greens in Scandinavia. Although diseases can be prevented by cultivar selection and optimal maintenance, it is difficult to manage creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua) greens totally without fungicides. Previous research showed that three commonly used fungicides; iprodione, azoxystrobin, and propiconazole, are liable to leaching when used on sand-based putting greens. One possible reason for this liability is the development of hydrophobic layers or spots causing water to percolate in fingers instead of uniformly through the root zone. The objective of this project was to study the effect of organic amendment and surfactant on turfgrass quality, hydrophobicity and fungicide leaching from a USGA putting green. An experiment was conducted from May 2006 till May 2007 on a three year old experimental green seeded to creeping bentgrass `Penn A-4" in the field lysimeter facility at Bioforsk Øst Landvik, SE Norway (Fig. 1). The experimental plan included two root zone compositions (straight sand vs the same sand amended with 2.3 % (w/w) garden compost (`Green Mix")); two surfactant treatments (no surfactant vs `Primer 604", 19 L/ha applied at monthly intervals from May to September 2006); and two fungicides, Rovral 750 (iprodione 1.5 kg a.i./ha) and Amistar Duo (azoxystrobin + propiconazole, 600 + 375 g a.i./ha), sprayed on three occasions; June, July and October 2006) in factorial combination. Turfgrass quality and disease occurrence, infiltration of water vs ethanol, water droplet penetration time, and spatial variability in soil water content was determined at regular time intervals. Fungicides in leaching water were analyzed 2 - 3 weeks after each application and after snow melt / soil thaw in spring 2007. Regular application of `Primer 604" reduced dry spot occurrence and improved turfgrass quality during the summer months, especially on straight sand plots. This improvement was associated with increased water infiltration rates and a reduction in the spatial variability in soil water content at 4 - 10 cm depth, suggesting that hydrophobicity extended deeper in the profile than the 14 - 19 mm thatch/mat layer. However, despite pesticide application, `Primer 604" also increased snow mold (Microdochioum nivale and Typhula spp.) incidence in spring 2007, probably because of a significant increase in the mean soil water content in the thatch"mat layer during the unusually mild and wet winter months (mean temperature / total precipitation from November 2006 to March 2007 was 3.5°C / 751 mm compared with 30 yr normal of 0.2°C / 516 mm). Leaching of fungicides from root zones with 2.3 % organic matter was always negligible, but, regular use of `Primer 604" on rootzones reduced the total leaching of iprodione, azoxystrobin, and propiconazole from straight sand with 60, 63 and 80 %, respectively. In conclusion, `Primer 604" offers many advantages on straight sand rootzones, but there is also a need for new surfactants that retain less water in the thatch layer during the winter months.
Sammendrag
available, especially in Norway. The objective of the present research was to estimate C losses from cultivated peatlands in West Norway by three independent methods: 1) long-term monitoring of subsidence rates, 2) changes in ash contents, and 3) soil CO2 flux measurements. Subsidence of cultivated peat soils averaged about 2.5 cm y-1. We estimated that peat loss and compaction were respectively responsible for 38% and 62% of the total subsidence during a 25-year period after drainage. Based on this estimate the corresponding C loss equals 0.80 kg C m-2 yr-1. The observed increase in mineral concentration of the topsoil of cultivated peat is proportional to their C loss, providing no mineral particles other than lime and fertilizers are added to the soil. Using this novel approach across 11 sites, we estimated a mean C loss of 0.86 kg C m-2 y-1. Soil CO2 flux measurements, corrected for autotrophic respiration, yielded a C loss estimate from cultivated peat soils of 0.60 kg C m-2 yr-1. The three methods yielded fairly similar estimates of C losses from Norwegian cultivated peatlands. Cultivated peatlands in Norway cover an estimated 63 000 ha. Total annual C losses from peat degradation were estimated to range between 1.8 and 2 million tons CO2 y-1, which equals about 3-4 % of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from Norway.
Forfattere
Bernt HoelSammendrag
I årene 2003-2005 ble det gjennomført forsøk med gjødslingstrategier til bygg (30 felt) og havre (16 felt) på Østlandet og i Midt-Norge. Med riktig valg av delgjødslingsstrategi, viser resultatene at en ofte kan oppnå en viss avlingsgevinst for delt gjødsling til bygg. I havre tyder resultatene på at potensialet for meravling ved delt gjødsling er mindre, men det er realistisk å kunne opprettholde avlingsnivået. Mange korndyrkere ønsker av ulike årsaker å benytte delt gjødsling til bygg og havre. Med en slik strategi kan dyrkeren ved vårgjødsling gi en gjødselmengde tilpasset en meget forsiktig avlingsforventning, ved delgjødslingstidspunktet kan bestandets potensial vurderes og gjødselmengden tilpasses dette. Denne justeringsmuligheten representerer en potensiell miljømessig og økonomisk gevinst. Både på leirjord og lettere jord kan gjødslinga ved såing være svak (5 kg N pr. daa ble prøvd i disse forsøkene), forutsatt at det følges opp med tidlig delgjødsling. Dersom en ved svak vårgjødsling venter med delgjødsling til begynnende stråstrekning risikerer en imidlertid et betydelig avlingstap, særlig på lett jord. En strategi som gir mer fleksibilitet omkring valget av delgjødslingstidspunkt er ei mer moderat vårgjødsling (8 kg N pr. daa i disse forsøkene). På leirjord kan en da anbefale å vente med delgjødsling til begynnende stråstrekning. En risikerer heller ikke på lettere jord noe stort avlingstap ved å utsette delgjødslinga til dette vekststadiet, dersom vårgjødslinga er moderat.
Sammendrag
A series of field trials combining cultivars with different levels of resistance to Phythophtora infestans and different haulm killing methods was conducted in 1997, 1998 and 1999 to assess the contamination potential of the haulm. In addition, the frequency of tubers with late blight was assessed after harvest and storage, combining effects of pretreatment infection, infection by the haulm at harvest and the development of the disease during storage. Haulm killing was performed by diquat (200, 400, 600 g a.i. ha-1), half cutting of the haulm in combination with diquat (100, 200, 300 g a.i. ha-1) or full cutting of the haulm. In those treatments where haulm killing was performed purely chemically the haulm remnants" contamination potential tended to increase at reduced doses. Full mechanical destruction gave as low a contamination potential as application of the full dose of chemical haulm killer. However, there were no consistent differences between the haulm killing treatments in the frequency of blighted tubers after harvest and storage. This indicates that the input of chemical haulm killers may be reduced. There was a large difference between years in tuber blight after harvest and storage, which confirms that climatic factors are of major importance for tuber infection. The large difference found between the cultivars in the frequency of tuber blight indicates that tuber resistance should be an important part of integrated late blight disease management.
Forfattere
Inger Sundheim Fløistad Hans Martin HanslinSammendrag
The Christmas tree seedlings typically appear with initial slow growth during the first 2-3 years. In the next couple of years the trees grow well, and then during the final 2-3 years before harvest the growth frequently is too vigorous. This growth rhythm often requires laborious growth regulation by mechanical or chemical methods. A dense concentration of branches on the lower part of the tree tends to allocate a lot of resources to the tree base, which grows wide and heavy. Such trees are costly to cut and transport and difficult to sell. Therefore, the growers want transplants with rapid growth after planting. To satisfy their demand there is a need for better plant materials than what are available today. More knowledge is needed about the relation between seedling quality, their physiological status and the plants response to different planting dates. In the year 2007 a new project "Seedling qualities and establishment routines for a rapid growth start of Abies nordmanniana and Abies lasiocarpa for Christmas tree production" was established in Norway to improve our knowledge of establishment of Christmas trees. Financial support is given by the Norwegian Research Council, "Skogtiltaksfondet" and "Forskningsfondet for Norsk Pyntegrønt Forsøksring".
Sammendrag
The prediction of infection periods for lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) is based on the assumption that spores are produced at night and released in the early morning. The divergent light conditions at Nordic latitudes might affect both sporulation and spore release. Therefore, we monitored release of B. lactucae spores in relation to the climatic conditions in lettuce fields to evaluate the performance of existing forecasting models in timing of fungicide applications for management of lettuce downy mildew in Norway. In 2005, epidemics were created at two field locations that had no previous lettuce production, and a total of 59 days of spore trapping permitted the study of spore release under natural conditions. Sporulation events were compared to predicted spore production events in Modell-Analys (MA). At the two locations, 76 % and 74 % of the spores were trapped between 08.00 and 16.00, respectively. Spore concentration icreased with decreasing relative humidity (RH), ofting coinciding with increasing solar radiation and temperature. Spore production events predicted by MA were correct at 66 % of the days. However, when the criteria for spore production were adjusted, 78 % of the days were correctly predicted.
Sammendrag
Norsk Institutt for Skog og Landskap har etter oppdrag for Tove Bringsvær, Bø ajourført markslag og kartlagt jordsmonnet på dyrka mark på garden Haugehåtveit nedre i Tokke kommune. Jordsmonn og markslag er kartlagt etter gjeldande instruksar og etter gjeldande retningsliner for partsnøytral informasjon frå instituttet. Markslaget blei først kartlagt i 1971, og seinare ajourført basert på fotografering frå 1999. Siste ajourføring skjedde etter feltkontroll 20.-21. mai 2007. Då blei også jordbruksarealet jordsmonnkartlagt. Feltkontrollen førte til endra markslag for tre areal på grunn av omfanget av gjengroing (Figur 2-1, Figur 2-4, Figur 2-6). Den dyrka marka består av djup morenejord dominert av grushaldig siltig mellomsand. Stein- og blokkinnhaldet i øvre ½ meter er vurdert til 5-10m3 per dekar og hellingsgraden varierer mellom 10 - 20%. Klimaforholda er viktigaste begrensande faktor for jordbruksproduksjon. Delar av arealet treng grøfting. Gardskartet viser eit totalareal på 414,9 dekar. Av dette er 25,8 dekar fulldyrka, lettbrukt jord, 367,2 dekar skog med middels bonitet og 10,3 dekar skog med høg bonitet.