Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Forfattere
Arnstein Staverløkk May-Guri Saethre Eline Benestad HågvarSammendrag
The invasive ladybird, Harmonia axyridis Pallas 1773, is recorded for the first time in Norway. The specimen was found on horticultural plants imported from Aalsmeer in the Netherlands to Oslo, Norway. H. axyridis originates from East-Asia. The species is known to be a voracious predator on aphids and has been extensively used as a biological control agent in both North America and Europe. The later years, however, a number of negative impacts on the environment and biodiversity have been reported. The species was assessed as a potential bio-control agent for use in Norwegian greenhouses in 2001. The outcome of the assessment was negative with respect to import and commercial use in Norway. It was concluded that H. axyridis might survive and become established outdoors and thereby pose a risk to the environment. Recent experiences from the UK have shown that H. axyridis compasses several of the traits characterizing a successful invasive alien species. The record of this species in Norway may only be the first in a number of such, as it is likely that this species will survive outdoors, at least in the southern parts of Norway.
Forfattere
Philipp Gannibal Sonja Klemsdal Mark LevitinSammendrag
Alternaria tenuissima is a common pathogen on a number of plants described in several geographic regions of the world. Genetic variation within and between Russian Far East, North West and Caucasus populations of A. tenuissima from wheat was examined. In addition, genetic differences between isolates from various hosts were estimated. In total, 101 isolates of A. tenuissima were studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) with four primer combinations. Wright"s fixation index (F-st), gene flow (N-m) and gene diversity (H-s) were calculated. AFLP banding patterns indicated significant genetic distance and at the same time a low level of gene flow between the Far East and the two other groups of isolates originating from the European part of country. The degree of similarity between the North West and Caucasus populations was very high, as was the migration rate. Isolates analysed by UPGMA-based cluster analysis were grouped according to location of origin but irrespective of plant host. Based on the F-st value, the group of isolates originating from wheat and barley were not found to differ significantly from each other.
Forfattere
Andrezej Brunon Poplawski Lotta Mårtensson Ingvild Wartiainen Ulla RasmussenSammendrag
The aim of this study was to analyze a total euryarchaeal community at DNA and RNA levels in a Swedish barley field with relation to soil depth (0-10 and 20-30 cm layers), soil fraction (bulk soil and rhizosphere) and time (August and November sample collection). Amplification of 16S rRNA gene using the archaeal universal A2F and Euryarchaea specific EK510R/(EURY498) primer pair, combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), revealed distinct differences between rDNA and rRNA DGGE profiles. The soil depth, time, or rhizosphere effects did not significantly influence Archaeal community structure. Surprisingly, sequence analysis of DGGE-derived amplicons revealed the presence of Euryarchaea as well as uncultured soil Crenearchaea affiliated with group 1. In agreement, sequence comparison analyses showed that the majority of uncultured Chrenearchaea group 1 had almost 100% sequence complementarity to the 3" end of the EK510R/(EURY498) primer. Therefore, we propose that EK510R/(EURY498) is a universal archaeal primer rather than a a Euryarchaea specific SSUrRNA primer. Hence, considerable care should be taken during application of this primer in studies of euryarchaeal biodiversity in soil environments.
Forfattere
Jens Chr. KøhlerSammendrag
Innlegging av vann medfører utslipp av sanitært avløpsvann. Dersom slikt vann ikke renses, vil det forurense både grunnvann og overflatevann. Hytteeiers første oppgave kan være å ta kontakt med kommunen for å klarlegge hvilke regler det er for det aktuelle hytteområdet. Er det tillatt å legge inn vann? Krever kommunen en samlet plan for hyttefeltet? I beste fall foreligger det en samlet plan og utslippstillatelse for hyttefeltet. Hytteeier kan da sende inn en søknad om igangsetting og bygging. Dersom samlet plan og utslippstillatelse ikke foreligger, tas kontakt med en konsulent som hjelper deg med å velge renseanlegg. Konsulenten eller den som planlegger avløpsløsning for hytta bør ha hydrogeologisk kompetanse og kjennskap til aktuelle avløpsløsninger. Konsulenten bør ikke ha samarbeidsavtaler med leverandører av ulike typer renseanlegg og toalettløsninger. Hytteeier eller konsulent kan be om en forhåndskonferanse for å klarlegge rammevilkårene for en søknad om utslipp. Når avløpsløsningen er planlagt kan en søke kommunen om tillatelse til utslipp av avløpsvann. Søker må være en person eller firma med god kjennskap til den aktuelle avløpsløsningen. Søker kan for eksempel være den som har planlagt anlegget, leverandør av renseanlegg, entreprenør eller rørlegger. Søker må sørge for at skjemaer i henhold til kravene i plan og bygningsloven fylles ut og sendes til kommunen.
Sammendrag
Despite the fact that creosote mainly consists of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), more polar compounds like phenolics, benzenes and N-, S-, O-heterocyclics dominate the groundwater downstream from creosote-contaminated sites. In this study, bioassay-directed fractionation, combined with fullscan GC-MS, identified organic toxicants in creosote-contaminated groundwater. An organic extract of creosote-contaminated groundwater was fractionised on a polar silica column using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the toxicity of the fractions was measured by the Microtox®-bioassay. PAHs, which comprise up to 85% of pure creosote, accounted for only about 13% of total toxicity in the creosote-contaminated groundwater, while methylated benzenes, phenolics and N-heterocyclics accounted for ca. 80% of the measured toxicity. The fraction containing alkylated quinolines was the most toxic single fraction, accounting for 26% of the total measured toxicity. The results imply that focus on PAHs may underestimate risks associated with creosote-contaminated groundwater, and that environmental risk assessment should focus to a higher degree on substituted PAHs and phenolics because they are more toxic than the unsubstituted ones. Additionally, benzenes and N-heterocyclics (e.g. alkylated quinolines) should be assessed.
Sammendrag
Many areas of algae technology have developed over the last decades, and there is an established market for products derived from algae, dominated by health food and aquaculture. In addition, the interest for active biomolecules from algae is increasing rapidly. The need for CO2 management, in particular capture and storage is currently an important technological, economical and global political issue and will continue to be so until alternative energy sources and energy carriers diminish the need for fossil fuels. This review summarizes in an integrated manner different technologies for use of algae, demonstrating the possibility of combining different areas of algae technology to capture CO2 and using the obtained algal biomass for various industrial applications thus bringing added value to the capturing and storage processes. Furthermore, we emphasize the use of algae in a novel biological process which produces H2 directly from solar energy in contrast to the conventional CO2 neutral biological methods. This biological process is a part of the proposed integrated CO2 management scheme.
Forfattere
Paul Hatcher Lars Olav Brandsæter G. Davies A. Luscher HL Hinz R. Eschen U. SchaffnerSammendrag
The increasing problems caused by Rumex (especially R. obtusifolius L., R. crispus L., and R. longifolius DC.) infestation to organic agriculture in Great Britain, Norway and Switzerland are discussed. Here, inadequate, costly or time-consuming non-chemical control options for Rumex are one of the major barriers for farmers converting to organic production. Potential biological control agents for Rumex in Europe are discussed. We conclude that the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa viridula Degeer and the rust fungus Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. remain the most promising of the researched indigenous species, and that G. viridula can be combined with non-chemical control methods. However, there is a need for biocontrol agents that target Rumex roots; several sesiid moth species are present in Europe which feed upon these, and we suggest that one, Pyropteron chrysidiformis (Esper), has good potential for Rumex biocontrol and merits further study within Europe.
Sammendrag
The large arionid slug Arion lusitanicus is a serious pest in northern Europe including many parts of Norway. In Norway it is mainly a pest in home gardens but in recent years it has also spread to horticultural and vegetable crops such as strawberry and lettuce. The use of the slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita against A. lusitanicus is being investigated in an ongoing research project that was initiated in 2005. A survey was conducted to examine the natural occurrence of the slug parasitic nematode P. hermaphrodita. The result of the survey was positive which led to registration of the product Nemaslug in 2005. Several experiments have been conducted to study the effect of both the commercial product Nemaslug and Norwegian isolated P. hermaphrodita on A. lusitanicus slugs. Laboratory and controlled pot experiments confirm that young stages of the slug (0.02 - 0.04g) are most susceptible to infection and death. It also appears that soil based bioassays give more consistent results than assays using Petri dishes with filter paper. Further work on the infection process of nematodes in A. lusitanicus slugs as well as the practical aspects of nematode use in gardens and the field are being addressed.
Sammendrag
available, especially in Norway. The objective of the present research was to estimate C losses from cultivated peatlands in West Norway by three independent methods: 1) long-term monitoring of subsidence rates, 2) changes in ash contents, and 3) soil CO2 flux measurements. Subsidence of cultivated peat soils averaged about 2.5 cm y-1. We estimated that peat loss and compaction were respectively responsible for 38% and 62% of the total subsidence during a 25-year period after drainage. Based on this estimate the corresponding C loss equals 0.80 kg C m-2 yr-1. The observed increase in mineral concentration of the topsoil of cultivated peat is proportional to their C loss, providing no mineral particles other than lime and fertilizers are added to the soil. Using this novel approach across 11 sites, we estimated a mean C loss of 0.86 kg C m-2 y-1. Soil CO2 flux measurements, corrected for autotrophic respiration, yielded a C loss estimate from cultivated peat soils of 0.60 kg C m-2 yr-1. The three methods yielded fairly similar estimates of C losses from Norwegian cultivated peatlands. Cultivated peatlands in Norway cover an estimated 63 000 ha. Total annual C losses from peat degradation were estimated to range between 1.8 and 2 million tons CO2 y-1, which equals about 3-4 % of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from Norway.
Sammendrag
In 1998 the new main airport of Norway was opened at Gardermoen, 40 km north of Oslo. The Gardermoen aquifer is the largest rain fed unconfined aquifer in Norway. The national pollution authorities demanded from the airport that there should be no pollution of the groundwater (e.g. from de-icing chemicals and jet-fuels) and the groundwater balance should be maintained. Several studies were conducted in order to examine the general geology in the area, unsaturated and saturated flow and transport. In this article, potential pollutants caused by winter operations will be discussed. Potassium Format (KF) is used for the de-icing of runways and Propylene Glycol (PG) is the active component of the de-icing chemical used for airplanes. Field monitoring of infiltration of meltwater using electrical resistivity was employed to characterise meltwater infiltration patterns at Gardermoen in 2001 (French et al., 2002B; French and Binley, 2004) and 2006. The formation of impermeable ice cover on the ground below the melting snowcover was observed at the field site in years with ground frost, while no ice was formed in 2006 when no ground frost was present until the last month of winter. More homogeneous infiltration conditions in 2006 were also confirmed by insignificant ponding at the airport site.