Trine Eggen

Seniorforsker

(+47) 909 97 074
trine.eggen@nibio.no

Sted
Ås - Bygg O43

Besøksadresse
Oluf Thesens vei 43, 1433 Ås (Varelevering: Elizabeth Stephansens vei 23)

Biografi

Trine har doktorgrad i biologiske metoder for nedbrytning av miljøgifter innen fagfeltet miljøteknologi/toksikologi. Hennes nøkkelkompetanse er om skjebnen til miljøgifter i miljøet og under ulike behandlingsprosesser, overføring til planter og miljø- og helse risikovurdering av miljøgifter. Resirkulering av organisk avfallsfraksjoner til bærekraftig og trygge sluttprodukt og resirkulering av næringsstoffer fra sekundære råstoffskilder, er tema som nå står i fokus. 

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Sammendrag

The aim of this study was to contribute to development of organic fertiliser products based on fish sludge (i.e. feed residues and faeces) from farmed smolt. Four dried fish sludge products, one liquid digestate after anaerobic digestion and one dried digestate were collected at Norwegian smolt hatcheries in 2019 and 2020. Their quality as fertilisers was studied by chemical analyses, two 2-year field experiments with spring cereals and soil incubation combined with a first-order kinetics N release model. Cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were below European Union maximum limits for organic fertilisers in all products except one (liquid digestate). Relevant organic pollutants (PCB7, PBDE7, PCDD/F + DL-PCB) were analysed for the first time and detected in all fish sludge products. Nutrient composition was unbalanced, with low nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) ratio and low potassium (K) content relative to crop requirements. Nitrogen concentration in the dried fish sludge products varied (27–70 g N kg-1 dry matter), even when treated by the same technology but sampled at different locations and/or times. In the dried fish sludge products, N was mainly present as recalcitrant organic N, resulting in lower grain yield than with mineral N fertiliser. Digestate showed equally good N fertilisation effect as mineral N fertiliser, but drying reduced N quality. Soil incubation in combination with modelling is a relatively cheap tool that can give a good indication of N quality in fish sludge products with unknown fertilisation effects. Carbon/N ratio in dried fish sludge can also be used as an indicator of N quality.

Sammendrag

Answers to survey asking for suggestions for new products in EU's new regulation for fertilisers. Fish sludge is suggested as material in compost and digestate, and a summary with references is provided.

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Planted filters are often used to remove pesticides from runoff water. However, the detailed fate of pesticides in the planted filters still remains elusive. This hampers an accurate assessment of environmental risks of the pesticides related to their fate and thereby development of proper mitigation strategies. In addition, a test system for the chemical fate analysis including plants and in particular for planted filters is not well established yet. Therefore, we developed a microcosm test to simulate the fate of pesticide in planted filters, and applied 2-13C,15N-glyphosate as a model pesticide. The fate of 2-13C,15N-glyphosate in the planted microcosms over 31 day-incubation period was balanced and compared with that in the unplanted microcosms. The mass balance of 2-13C,15N-glyphosate turnover included 13C mineralization, degradation products, and the 13C and 15N incorporation into the rhizosphere microbial biomass and plants. We observed high removal of glyphosate (> 88%) from the water mainly due to adsorption on gravel in both microcosms. More glyphosate was degraded in the planted microcosms with 4.1% of 13C being mineralized, 1.5% of 13C and 3.8% of 15N being incorporated into microbial biomass. In the unplanted microcosms, 1.1% of 13C from 2-13C,15N-glyphosate was mineralized, and only 0.2% of 13C and 0.1% of 15N were assimilated into microbial biomass. The total recovery of 13C and 15N was 81% and 85% in planted microcosms, and 91% and 93% in unplanted counterparts, respectively. The microcosm test was thus proven to be feasible for mass balance assessments of the fate of non-volatile chemicals in planted filters. The results of such studies could help better manage and design planted filters for pesticide removal.

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Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Environment Agency, potential toxic elements (PTEs), fertiliser, soil improver, fertiliser products, growing media, circular economy, circulation of organic fertilisers, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium Cr(tot) (Cr(III) and Cr(VI)), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn). Background and purpose of the report The potentially toxic elements (PTE) arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium Cr(tot) (Cr(III) and Cr(VI)), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) occur as ingredients or contaminants in many fertilisers, soil improvers, engineered soil and growing media. Application of these fertiliser products might represent a risk towards the environment, farm animals and humans, particularly when applied annually over several years. The present risk assessment evaluates the application of selected fertilisers according to certain scenarios for representative Norwegian agricultural areas, from Troms in the North to Ås in Southeastern and Time in Southwestern Norway, with different soil properties, precipitation and PTE concentration in present agricultural soil. There is an increasing trend to produce locally (e.g. in urban farming) and home-grown vegetables that are cultivated in engineered soil and growth media. The maximum levels (MLs) set for PTEs in different organic fertilisers, engineered soil and growing media for use in urban farming, home growing and the cultivation of vegetables and garden fruits, and a set of MLs also for application in agricultural cultivation of crops, have been evaluated. Environmental fate processes and the transfer of PTEs have been modelled and the environmental risks for terrestrial and aquatic organisms, including from secondary poisoning have been estimated. Potential risks to humans and farmed animals by increased exposure to PTEs from, respectively, agriculturally produced crops, vegetables cultivated at home and urban farming or forage and grazing have been evaluated. The recycling of nutrients is urgently needed to achieve circular economy, but the derived sustainable products have to be safe, which requires the introduction of and adherence to science-based maximum levels of unwanted substances (e.g. pollutants). This assessment evaluates consequences of the application of different fertiliser products: mineral P fertilisers, manure from cattle, pig, poultry and horse, fish sludge, digestates and sewage sludge - in order to identify PTE sources with potential environmental, animal and human health risks, and to evaluate the appropriateness of the current MLs regarding different applications of organic-based fertilisers, engineered soil and growing media at present, and in a 100-year perspective. Approach and methods applied The approach for environmental and health risk assessments builds on previous work performed for hazardous substances in soil (e.g. VKM 2019, VKM 2014, VKM, 2009, Six and Smolders, 2014). Concentrations of PTEs in soil over time were calculated using a mass balance model, which considers the input by atmospheric deposition, use of fertilisers and soil improvers, as well as loss by leaching, run-off and plant uptake. The resulting first-order differential equation was solved analytically and implemented into Excel®. Run-off and loss by leaching were estimated from data on precipitation, infiltrating fraction and run-off fraction of the water under consideration of the distribution coefficient Kd for the concentration ratio of bulk soil-to-water. This Kd value takes aging sufficiently into account and is thus more realistic than those derived from batch tests. The Kd was estimated separately for each region using established regression equations, with soil pH, organic matter content and clay content as predictors. ...........

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Pesticides in agricultural surface water runoff cause a major threat to freshwater systems. Installation of filter systems or constructed wetlands in areas of preferential run-off is a possible measure for pesticides abatement. To develop such systems, combinations of filter materials suitable for retention of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic pesticides were tested for pesticide removal in planted microcosms. The retention of six pesticides frequently detected in surface waters (bentazone, MCPA, metalaxyl, propiconazole, pencycuron, and imidacloprid) was evaluated in unplanted and planted pot experiments with novel bed material mixtures consisting of pumice, vermiculite, water super-absorbent polymer (SAP) for retention of ionic and water soluble pesticides, and synthetic hydrophobic wool for adsorption of hydrophobic pesticides. The novel materials were compared to soil with high organic matter content. The highest retention of the pesticides was observed in the soil, with a considerable translocation of pesticides into the plants, and low leaching potential, in particular for the hydrophobic compounds. However, due to the high retention of pesticides in soil, environmental risks related to their long term mobilization cannot be excluded. Mixtures of pumice and vermiculite with SAP resulted in high retention of i) water and ii) both hydrophilic and hydrophobic pesticides but with much lower leaching potential compared to the mineral systems without SAP. Mixtures of such materials may provide near natural treatment options in riparian strips and also for treatment of rainwater runoff without the need for water containment systems.

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Surface water runoff can export pesticides from agricultural fields into adjacent aquatic ecosystems, where they may pose adverse effects to organisms. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are widely used to treat agricultural runoff contaminated by pesticides, but the removal of hydrophilic pesticides is usually low. In this study, we suggest superabsorbent polymer (SAP), a cross-linked hydrophilic polymer, as a supplement to substrates of CWs and tested the hypothesis that SAP results in an enhanced removal of hydrophilic pesticides. Therefore, batch experiments were conducted to study the retention capacity of water-saturated SAP (w-SAP) for several hydrophilic pesticides. Retention of the pesticides on w-SAP was related to the ionization state and water solubility of the pesticides. The retention of neutral pesticides, imidacloprid, metalaxyl and propiconazole, was about 20% higher than that measured for anionic pesticides, bentazone, glyphosate and MCPA. The retention of the pesticides by w-SAP mainly resulted from their distribution in the gel-water phase of w-SAP, while less water soluble pesticides might have also been adsorbed on the molecular backbone of SAP. Furthermore, we tested the efficacy of w-SAP for treatment of runoff water contaminated by pesticides in lab-scale horizontal subsurface flow CWs. SAP in CWs improved the removal of the pesticides, including the recalcitrant ones. The removal enhancement was owing to the increase of hydraulic retention time and improvement of biodegradation. The removal of the pesticides in SAP containing CWs was > 93% for MCPA, glyphosate, and propiconazole, 62 – 99% for imidacloprid, 50 – 84% for metalaxyl, and 38 – 73% for bentazone. In the control gravel CWs, the removal was > 98% for glyphosate, generally > 83% for MCPA and propiconazole, 46 – 98% for imidacloprid, 32 – 97% for metalaxyl, and 9 – 96% for bentazone.

Sammendrag

Kadmium er et giftig spormetall som finnes i all jord. En del av dette er plantetilgjengelig og tas opp av plantene. Mengden kadmium i jorda varierer, blant annet avhengig av stedets geologi. Jord dannet av alunskifer har fra naturens side et høyt kadmiuminnhold. Planter dyrket på slik jord får et høyere innhold av kadmium, men opptaket i plantene kan reduseres ved riktige dyrkingstiltak.

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Klima- og miljødepartementet og Landbruks- og matdepartement ga 27. juni 2016 Landbruksdirektoratet, Miljødirektoratet og Mattilsynet i oppdrag å revidere forskrift om gjødselvarer mv. av organisk opphav. I oppdraget ble det lagt vekt på tilrettelegging for økt ressursutnyttelse av restmaterialer i gjødselvarer og at nyttiggjøringen skjer på måter som minimerer forurensning til vann, jord og luft...

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Given the compound differences between tris(2-butoxyethyl)- and tris(2-cloroethyl) phosphate (TBOEP and TCEP, respectively), we hypothesized that exposure of juvenile salmon to TBOEP and TCEP will produce compound-specific differences in uptake and bioaccumulation patterns, resulting in potential formation of OHmetabolites. Juvenile salmon were exposed to waterborne TCEP or TBOEP (0.04, 0.2 and 1 mg/L) for 7 days. The muscle accumulation was measured and bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated, showing that TCEP was less accumulative and resistant to metabolism in salmon than TBOEP. Metabolite formations were only detected in TBOEP-exposed fish, showing seven phase I biotransformation metabolites with hydroxylation, ether cleavage or combination of both reactions as important metabolic pathways. In vitro incubation of trout S9 liver fraction with TBOEP was performed showing that the generated metabolite patterns were similar to those found in muscle tissue exposed in vivo. However, another OH-TBOEP isomer and an unidentified metabolite not present in in vivo exposure were observed with the trout S9 incubation. Overall, some of the observed metabolic products were similar to those in a previous in vitro report using human liver microsomes and some metabolites were identified for the first time in the present study. Toxicological analysis indicated that TBOEP produced less effect, although it was taken up faster and accumulated more in fish muscle than TCEP. TCEP produced more severe toxicological responses in multiple fish organs. However, liver biotransformation responses did not parallel the metabolite formation observed in TBOEP-exposed fish.

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Fytinsyre er plantenes fosforlager, finnes i spesielt høyt nivå i korn, og kan finnes i relativt betydelige konsentrasjoner i enkelte typer husdyrgjødsel og jord. Fytinsyre er en inositol-ring (karbon-ring) med seks fosfat (forkortet IP6), og under omdanning blir en og en fosfat-gruppe frigitt (IP6-IP5-IP4-IP3-IP2-IP1-IP) til en til slutt har en ring uten fosfat (IP). Fytinsyre er ikke tilgjengelig for planter og i miljøet er omdanningen av fytinsyre til fosfat (orto.P) - som er den fosforformen som plantene tar opp - en langsom prosess. Fosfat bundet som organisk fosfor i fytinsyre utgjør dermed en ‘fosfor-pool’ som verken er plante- eller algetilgjengelig, men som over tid vil frigjøre fosfat som da blir plante- og algetilgjengelig. Alger kan under visse forhold produsere enzymer som spalter av organisk bundet fosfat, og det antas at edbrytningsproduktene med få fosfatgrupper, IP1 og kanskje IP2, derfor under gitte forhold kan være algetilgjenglig....

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Following the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) flame retardants under well-documented toxicity issues, organophosphate such as tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and tris(2-cloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were considered as potential substitutes. Although TBOEP and TCEP are consistently detected in the aquatic environment, there are few data about the possible toxicological effects of these compounds on aquatic organisms, including fish. In the present study, we have investigated the influence of TBOEP and TCEP on neuro- and interrenal steroidogenesis of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), after a seven-day exposure to four different concentrations (0 (control), 0.04, 0.2 and 1 mg/L) of each compound. TBOEP and TCEP were diluted in Milli-Q water. The expression of genes involved in ster- oidogenesis (StAR, cyp19a, cyp19b, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-hsd), and 11β-hydroxylase (cyp11β)), were analyzed in the brain and head kidney using real-time PCR. Plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) analysis was performed using enzyme im- munoassay (EIA). Our results showed that TBOEP accumulated more rapidly than TCEP in fish muscle tissue. Surprisingly, TBOEP produced less pronounced effects than TCEP on neural and interrenal ster- oidogenic responses, despite the observed rapid uptake and bioaccumulation pattern. Specifically, TBOEP produced significant and consistent concentration-specific alterations on neural- and interrenal ster- oidogenesis. Plasma levels of 11-KT were not significantly altered by any of the exposures. The increased expression of steroidogenic genes demonstrated in the present study could produce time-specific al- terations in the production of glucocorticoids and steroid hormones that play integral roles in fish me- tabolism, stress responses and adaptation, sexual maturation, reproduction and migration with overt consequences on reproductive success and survival.

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There is limited knowledge on the toxicological, physiological, and molecular effects attributed to organophosphate (OP) compounds currently used as flame retardants or additives in consumer products. This study investigated the effects on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in juvenile Atlantic salmon liver and brain samples after exposure to two OP compounds, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). In this study, groups of juvenile Atlantic salmon were exposed using a semistatic experimental protocol over a 7-d period to 3 different concentrations (0.04, 0.2, or 1 mg/L) of TBOEP and TCEP. When toxicological factors such as bioaccumulation and bioconcentration, and chemical structural characteristics and behavior, including absorption to solid materials, are considered, these concentrations represent environmentally relevant concentrations. The concentrations of the contaminants were derived from levels of their environmental occurrence. The expression of genes related to oxidative stress—glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST)—and to lipid peroxidation—peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)—were determined using quantitative (real-time) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of PPAR proteins was also investigated using immunochemical methods. Levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in liver were used as a measure of lipid peroxidation. Overall, our data show an increase in lipid peroxidation, and this was associated with an augmented expression of genes from the glutathione family of responses. Interestingly, PPAR expression in liver after exposure to TBOEP and TCEP was consistently decreased compared to controls, while expression in brain did not show a similar trend. The results suggest that OP contaminants may induce oxidative stress and thus production of reactive oxygen substances (ROS), and modulate lipid peroxidation processes in organisms.

Sammendrag

I forbindelse med godkjenning av plantevernmidler ønsker Mattilsynet mer kunnskap om pollinerende insekter kan bli eksponert for neonikotinoider i konsentrasjon som kan gi negative effekter. Imidakloprid som er ekstremt giftig for bier, er godkjent for bruk i veksthus og er funnet i planteavfall (høyeste funn 7 μg/g tørrvekt TS) og avrenning fra avfall. Mattilsynet ønsket å avdekke om plantevernmiddelrester i planteavfall og kompost av planteavfall kan opptre i blomstrende kulturplanter i konsentrasjoner som kan medføre uheldig eksponering av pollinerende insekter. Vekstforsøk med bringebær og solsikke - gode trekkplanter for pollinerende insekter - ble gjennomført i veksthus ved Bioforsk Vest Særheim. Plantene ble dyrket i vekstrenner med torv tilsatt Confidor med aktiv substans imidakloprid, nektar og pollen ble samlet inn og analysert for imidakloprid ved Bioforsk Plantehelse og plantevern. Studien viste at laveste og høyeste imidakloprid-konsentrasjon i nektar og pollen fra bringebær og solsikke som vokste i veksttorv med en imidakloprid-konsentrasjon rundt 28 μg/g TS, var 16,7 - 131,8 ng/g og 25,0 - 26,4 ng/g (bringebær) og 59,0- 109,6 ng/g og 28,5 - 79,3 ng/g (solsikker). Med antagelsen at det er lineær sammenheng mellom konsentrasjonsnivå i vekstmedie og i nektar og pollen vil vi, ut fra denne studien, kunne anslå at høyeste beregnet konsentrasjon i nektar vil være 33,0 ng/g for bringebær og 27,4 ng/g for solsikke hvis de hadde vokst i planteavfall/kompost med en imidaklorpid-konsentrasjon på 7 μg/g TS (høyeste målte konsentrasjon i avfall fra veksthus). Tilsvarende beregnet antatt høyeste konsentrasjon i pollen vil være 6,6 ng/g og 19,8 ng/g for henholdsvis bringebær og solsikke.

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Sammendrag

Residues of pharmaceuticals present in wastewater and sewage sludge are of concern due to their transfer to aquatic- and terrestrial food chains and possible adverse effects on non-targeted organisms. In the present work, uptake and translocation of metformin, an anti-diabetic II medicine, by edible plant species cultivated in agricultural soil has been investigated in greenhouse experiment. Metformin demonstrated a high uptake and translocation to oily seeds of rape (Brassica napus cv. Sheik and Brassica rapa cv. Valo). Expressed as an average bioconcentration factor, (BCF, plant concentration over initial concentration in soil, both in dry weight), BCF as high as 21.72 was measured. In comparison, BCFs for grains of the cereals wheat, barley and oat were in the range of 0.29 - 1.35. Uptake and translocation to fruits and vegetables of tomato (BCFs 0.02-0.06), squash (BCFs 0.12-0.18) and bean (BCF 0.88) were also low compared to rape. BCFs for carrot, potato and leaf forage Brassica napus cv. Sola were similar (BCF 1-4). Guanylurea, a known degradation product of metformin by microorganisms in activated sludge, was found in seeds from barley, beans and potatoes. The mechanisms for transport of metformin and guanidine in plants are still unknown, whereas organic cation transporters (OCTs) in mammals are known to actively transport such compounds and may guide the way for further understanding of mechanisms also in plants.

Sammendrag

A wide range of compounds originating from everyday products with beneficial qualities for humans are transferred to the environment and potentially to animal- and human food-chain. Many of these compounds are emerging contaminants that are perceived or with real human and environment health hazard. Environmental and health risk assessment for these compounds is difficult (hard?) to performed due to lack of essential knowledge. In order to gain an overall view of needed knowledge and which knowledge gaps there are, we have applied a “from the cradle to the grave” approach and evaluated the compounds pathway from sources and fate in environment and transfer to human food items. The present study provides significant insights and information for evaluating the potential health hazards of these chemicals.

Sammendrag

Emerging compounds are continuously recognized in the environment and many are yet to be evaluated with regard to their environmental level, fate and subsequent biological effects. Most of these chemicals are present at trace level concentration but they can accumulate due to their persitency and special chemical properties. Municipal, hospital, agricultural sewage and leachates from deposits are the major entrance and distribution pathways in environment1-4. Identification and detection of potential sources of emerging compounds in waste water discharges  was performed by GC-MS full scan analysis.

Sammendrag

Emerging compounds are continuously recognized in the environment and many are yet to be evaluated with regard to their environmental level, fate and subsequent biological effects. Most of these are high-volume-production chemicals which can accumulate due to their special chemical properties and persistency under ambient environmental conditions. Identification and detection of potential sources of emerging compounds in waste water discharges  was performed by GC-MS full scan analysis.

Sammendrag

I forbindelse med Norsk Vann sitt arbeidet "stoff-for-stoff og kilde for kilde" er det er gjennomført en måling av tilstedeværelsen for utvalgte kjemikalier, både kjente og potensielle miljøproblemstoffer, i sigevann fra Isi avfallsdeponi og innløp til VEAS. Potensielle miljøproblemstoffer er stoffer som er påvist i miljøprøver, men som man har lite eller ingen kunnskap om når det gjelder deres miljø- og helseeffekter. De forbindelsene som ble funnet i høyere konsentrasjon i sigevann enn i innløpsvann til VEAS (> 10 x høyere) eller kun påvist i sigevann var insekticidet DEET, perfluorerte forbindelser (PFC) og flere organofosfat-forbindelser. Motsatt mønster, høyere konsentrasjon i innløpsvann enn i sigevann, ble funnet for triclosan, muskstoffene galaxolid og tonalid, og ftalat-forbindelsen DEHP. Bisfenol A og nonylfenol ble funnet i omtrent samme konsentrasjonsnivå i sigevann og innløpsvann til VEAS. Det er ikke mulig på bakgrunn av denne undersøkelsen å kvantifisere mengden miljøgifter som har opphav i ISI avfallsdeponi eller total mengde miljøgifter som tilføres VEAS. Dette fordi det er få prøver og fordi vannmengde og konsentrasjonsnivåer i både sigevann og avløpsvann vil variere. Undersøkelsen gir likevel en pekepinn på hvilke tradisjonelle og nye potensielle miljøproblemstoffer som kan forventes forefinnes - samt en indikasjon på konsentrasjonsnivåer - i sigevann fra deponier og avløpsvann.In connection to Norwegian Water"s work related to "compound-for-compound and source for source" ,a wide range of compounds was analyzed in leachates from Isi waste landfill and influent to VEAS. Both well-known and potential environmental hazardous compounds (emerging compounds) were analyzed. Emerging compounds are compounds found in environmental matrixes but no or scare knowledge about environmental effect exists. Compounds found in higher concentration in leachates than in influent (> 10 x higher) or only detected in leachates were DEET, perfluorated compounds, and some organophosphates. The opposite pattern, higher concentration in influent than leachates, was measured for triclosan, the musk compounds galaxolide and tonalide, and the phthalate DEHP. Due to few samples and highly varying water flow for leachates and wastewater, it is not possible based on this study to quantify the amount of compounds originating from Isi landfill or the total load to VEAS. However, the study gives an indication about which traditional and potentially emerging contaminants that can be expected to be detected and their concentrations in leachates from landfills and wastewater.

Sammendrag

This report summarises the results from analysis of environmental samples collected at four fire training facilities in Norway: Mongstad oil refinery, Solberg Scandinavian, Gardermoen airport and Rygge Air Station. 40 soil samples including surface and subsoils, 14 samples of earthworm, 3 groundwater samples, 1 stream sample, 4 freshwater sediment samples (dried out ditches), 6 marine sediment samples and 7 samples of Sea snails (Patellidae) were collected. Concentrations of 19 polyfluorinated organic compounds including 6:2 fluorotelomer sulphonate, 4 perfluorsulphonates (C4-C10, including PFOS) and 9 perfluorcarboxylic acids (C6-C14, including PFOA) were determined in the samples.

Sammendrag

Despite the fact that creosote mainly consists of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), more polar compounds like phenolics, benzenes and N-, S-, O-heterocyclics dominate the groundwater downstream from creosote-contaminated sites. In this study, bioassay-directed fractionation, combined with fullscan GC-MS, identified organic toxicants in creosote-contaminated groundwater. An organic extract of creosote-contaminated groundwater was fractionised on a polar silica column using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the toxicity of the fractions was measured by the Microtox®-bioassay. PAHs, which comprise up to 85% of pure creosote, accounted for only about 13% of total toxicity in the creosote-contaminated groundwater, while methylated benzenes, phenolics and N-heterocyclics accounted for ca. 80% of the measured toxicity. The fraction containing alkylated quinolines was the most toxic single fraction, accounting for 26% of the total measured toxicity. The results imply that focus on PAHs may underestimate risks associated with creosote-contaminated groundwater, and that environmental risk assessment should focus to a higher degree on substituted PAHs and phenolics because they are more toxic than the unsubstituted ones. Additionally, benzenes and N-heterocyclics (e.g. alkylated quinolines) should be assessed.

Sammendrag

Deponering i strandkantdeponi er en av flere mulige tiltak for å redusere miljøvirkninger av forurensete sedimenter. Valg av riktige filtermaterialer til bruk i permeable barrierer er viktig for å redusere spredningen fra slike deponier. Forskningsresultater viser at spredningen av tributyltinn (TBT) fra strandkantdeponier kan reduseres ved riktig sammensetning av filtermaterialer i slike barrierer. Her gis en kort oppsummering av forskning som er gjennomført ved Bioforsk Jord og miljø for å forbedre tiltaksløsninger og kost-nytte vurderinger ved deponering av forurensede sedimenter i strandkantdeponier.

Sammendrag

Leakage of tributyltin (TBT) to coastal environment is documented globally and represents environmental hazards because of long half lives in anaerobic environment and accumulation in biota. Concentrations below 1 ng/l influence marine organisms. Hence, pollution control authorities request abatements to mitigate toxic concentration levels. Dredging of contaminated sediments is one abatement strategy, but this approach requires safe landfill repositories. An alternative strategy is to cover contaminated sea bottom areas by cap layers of favourable composition and thereby reduce TBT exposure to the environment. Both abatement strategies require understanding of chemical and physical processes involved at the pore scale and at the field scale. In the present study pore scale processes are investigated by laboratory experiments on dredged sediments from contaminated sea bottom and integrated to field scale by numerical simulations. The distribution of TBT between solid and water phase is a function of several parameters viz texture; composition of clay minerals; content of organic matter; pH; and salinity in the pore water. The influences of these parameters on the mobility of TBT in sediments are studied with emphasize on variable salinity flux through the porous media. In our data the mobility of TBT increases as a function of decreasing salinity. Long term leakage of TBT is simulated in a typified near shore landfill with initial marine salt water concentration in the pore water. Initial TBT concentration in pore water is estimated to 30 ng/l, which is corresponding to a chemical equilibrium of 1 mg/kg of TBT in the sediments. Because sorption of TBT varies as a function of salinity, the transport of TBT has to be coupled to concentration of NaCl in the pore water. The pore water flow depends not only on the relation between infiltration of meteoric water and permeability of the sediments, but also on the concentration of NaCl, thus Darcy law has to be coupled to transport of NaCl. In this way transport of TBT require a coupling of three types of physics. First is Darcy pore water flow coupled to concentration of NaCl, and then concentration of NaCl is coupled to desorption of TBT.

Sammendrag

Bioforsk jord og miljø avslutter nå et strategisk program Binding og mobilisering av organiske miljøproblemstoffer som har pågått siden 2001. Det første året ble det tatt sigevannsprøver fra en kommunal fylling. Ved en fullscreening-analyse ble det påvist stoffer som en tradisjonelt ikke har tenkt på som miljøproblem-legemidler og luktstoffer brukt i mange personlige hygiene- og husholdningsprodukter

Sammendrag

Zero-valent iron improves the transformation of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] and its metabolites in aged and highly contaminated lake sediment under biotic conditions. The addition of Feº has a strong effect on transformation rates at 22 ºC and 9 ºC, the most enhanced degradation being obtained for DDT and DDOH [2,2-bis(pchlorophenyl) ethanol]. At 22 ºC and 10 weeks´incubation, the DDT concentration is reduced from 2.75 lmol g-1 (974 mg kg-1) to 0.98 lmol g-1 (346 mg kg-1) and 1.98 lmol g-1 (702 mg kg-1) in samples with and without the addition of iron, respectively. After 40 weeks` incubation these concentrations have further decreased to 0.19 lmol g-1 (66 mg kg -1) and 0.74 lmol g-1 (264 mg kg-1).There is no significant transformation of any of the compounds at 9 ºC without the addition of Feº. In the presence of iron, however, DDT is reduced to 1.25 lmol g-1 (442 mg kg-1) within 40 weeks´ incubation. This study demonstrates the ability of adapted microorganisms to transform DDT under elevated temperatures in original, aged sediments, and also the stimulating effect of zero-valent iron, which is significant even at low temperatures.

Sammendrag

Tributyltinn (TBT), som i hovedsak benyttes som begroingshindrende middel på skip, er et miljøgiftproblem i mange marine områder. På grunn av høye konsentrasjoner av tinnorganiske forbindelser som opptrer i sediment i mange områder av norskekysten (særlig i havner) og de lave effektgrensene som er dokumentert, er det viktig å få avklart i hvilken grad tinnorganiske forbindelser i sediment utgjør et miljøproblem. Det nasjonale råd for forurensede sedimenter har påpekt at nedbrytning og tilgjengelighet av TBT i sediment representerer temaer der en i dag har for lite kunnskap til å kunne foreta en kostnadseffektiv og bærekraftig opprydding . I denne rapporten beskrives resultater fra nedbrytningsforsøk der en har hatt som hovedmål å bestemme hvordan ulike miljøfaktorer påvirker nedbrytningen av TBT i sedimenter. Rapporten redegjør også for biotilgjengelighetstester som har hatt som mål å avklare i hvilken grad tinnorganiske forbindelser i sediment og fòr (foring med forurenset blåskjellinnmat) er tilgjengelig for sedimentlevende organismer som spises av fisk (dvs. børstemarken Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor). I rapporten redegjøres det også for utforskende undersøkelser som er gjennomført med tanke på å komme frem til metoder (endepunkt) som kan brukes til å vurdere giftighet av TBT-forurensede sedimenter. Disse utforskende undersøkelsene er gjennomført ved måling av noen utvalgte parametere (dødelighet, nedgraving, fødeinntak og glutation reduktase aktivitet) i børstemark. En har også undersøkt i hvilken grad tinnorganiske forbindelser i sediment fører til utvikling av hannlig kjønnskarakter (imposex) og effekter på cellenivå (membranstabilitet, mitokondriell aktivitet hos hemocytter) hos hunner av nettsnegl (Hinia reticulata = Nassarius reticulatus).

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Sammendrag

Det er utarbeidet et testprogram for å vurdere egnethet av overskudds- og restmasser for bruk til tildekking av forurensede sedimenter. Testprogrammet vurderer materialets egnethet på generelt grunnlag, uavhengig av en rekke stedspesifikke faktorer som da må vurderes i et helhetlig perspektiv i forhold til et søkt tildekkingsprosjekt. Inntil det er etablert egnede akseptkriterier for dette formålet anvendes kriterier etablert for andre formål. Forslag til opplysninger som SFT eller fylkesmannen bør kreve av søkeren av gjennomføring av tildekkingsprosjekt er en del av i rapporten. Dette omfatter prosjektering, gjennomføring og langsiktig overvåkning av eventuelle miljøkonsekvenser.

Sammendrag

Ulike metoder for å stimulere deklorering av DDT i sedimenter er undersøkt; ex-situ behandling av oppgravde masser i biopiles (hauger), in-situ behandling for strandkantmaterialer (in-situ land) og under vann (in-situ vann). Behandlingene ble optimalisert for å oppnå reduserende forhold og for å stimulere reduktiv omdanning av DDT til DDD. Under behandlingsforhold i dette prosjektet, var 30 ukers behandlingstid for kort tid til å bekrefte omdanning av DDT, kun trender ble observert. Kombinasjonen innstråling og plastdekke viste at en kan opprettholde en temperatur på 25-30°C i store deler av ranken ved lufttemperaturer rundt 10°C. Disse temperaturene er funnet gunstige for nedbryting av DDT. Også ved synkende lufttemperatur opprettholdes en temperatur høy nok til å stimulere nedbrytning. Underlag med 5 cm isopor hadde god evne til å hindre reduksjon i jordtemperaturen i nedre lag av jordmassene i ranken. Ulike tilsetningsmaterialer for å skape anaerobe forhold ble sammenlignet. Kumøkk og potetrev (biprodukt fra potetindustrien) gav størst reduksjon i oksygennivå

Sammendrag

SFT bevilget i 2006 midler til Bioforsk Jord og miljø til arbeidet med binding, mobilisering og transport av TBT. Rapporten beskriver resultater fra adsorpsjons- og desorpsjonsforsøk som er gjennomført i laboratoriet og resultater fra modellering av TBT transport fra forurensede sedimenter i sjønære deponier. Adsorpsjonen av TBT til sand, jord og sedimenter er generelt høyest mellom pH 6 og 7. For materialer som inneholder leire og TOC er det en tendens til at bindingen av TBT reduseres med økende salinitet, mens sandige materialer med lav TOC har en tendens til sterkere binding med økende salinitet. I kolonneforsøk (utvaskingsforsøk) med forurensede sedimenter mobiliseres mer TBT, DBT (dibutyltinn) og (MBT) monobutyltinn ved eluering med ferskvann enn med brakk- og saltvann. Simuleringene av transport av TBT fra forurensede sedimenter er gjort ved bruk av Comsol Multiphysiscs. Simuleringene viser at det vil ta lang tid (> 10.000 år) før saltet i et deponi bestående av marine sedimenter er lekket ut noe som medfører lav utlekking av TBT. Nedbrytningen av TBT vil ha større betydning enn utlekking for spredning av TBT fra sedimenter som deponeres i sjønære deponier.

Sammendrag

Det er gjennomført en kartlegging og risikovurdering av DDT-nivået i sedimenter i Skolebukta i Ørsjøen. Helserisiko i forhold til fiskekonsum og drikkevannskvaliteten er blitt evaluert av Mattilsynet. Følgende konklusjoner og anbefalinger er gjort: 1) DDT-konsentrasjonen i fisk fanget i Skolebukta i Ørsjøen er i henhold til SFTs klassifiseringssystem for egnethet til fritidsfiske betegnet som ”ikke egnet”. Denne klassifiseringen gir likevel ikke grunnlag for å fastsette restriksjoner for omsetning og konsum av fisk. 2) En kostholdsvurdering av konsentrasjonen viser at det ikke er behov for noe ytterligere kostholdsråd utover det som allerede eksisterer generelt for gjedde i norske innsjøer. 3) Det er ikke påvist detekterbare konsentrasjoner av DDT i drikkevannsprøve tatt i Ørsjøen i år. 4) Kartleggingen viser ingen nedgang i DDT-nivået selv mange år etter avsluttet bruk. 5) Konsentrasjonsøkningen i dypeste punkt fra 1998 til 2004 kan indikere spredning utover fra Skolebukta. 6) Basert på DDT-nivået i sedimentene er det kartlagte området delt i tre områder. Område A (50000 x høyere enn SFTs klasse V ”sterkt forurenset”) er strandkanten fra landsiden i Skolebukta: massen anbefales fjernet fordi den er en forurensingskilde som vil bidra til fortsatt spredning av DDT til Ørsjøen. Område B (opptil 60 x klasse V) er indre del av Skolebukta: anbefales tiltak fordi området høyst sannsynlig vil være en forurensningskilde til videre spredning av DDT og en negativ miljøpåvirkning av økosystemet. Område C (opptil 3 x klasse V) er området fra Grytberget og utover: det anbefales at behovet for tiltak blir vurdert etter at tiltak i området A og B er gjennomført. DDT og DDE utgjør en miljøtrussel på grunn av langsom omsetning i naturen (finnes i naturen lenge etter at DDT ble forbudt), stor evne til bioakkumulering i næringskjeden, samt disse stoffenes hormonforstyrrende effekter. DDT er derfor en av de mest fokuserte miljøgiftene i verden. For valg av tiltaksløsninger pekes det på at DDT er en organisk miljøgift og at det finnes behandlingsmetoder som stimulerer til nedbrytning av DDT.

Sammendrag

Summary (English) Pharmaceuticals such as ibuprofen, carbamacepin and naproxen and the endocrine disrupters bisphenol A and nonylphenol are found in leachates from Norwegian municipal landfills. Ibuprofen and the musk compounds tonalid and galaxolide were found in all samples, but the concentration in the old, inactive part of the landfill was particularly high. The endocrine distruptors bisphenol A and nonylphenol were also detected in all samples, and the concentrations in two water samples taken downstream the landfill, were in the same range as found in the old part. The PAHs found in the leachates were methyl substituted naphtahalen, biphenyl, acenapthylene, acenapthene, fluorene and phenanthrene. All samples were filtrated (< 0,5 ?m) before analysis. Filtrates from two wells were analyzed to measure transportable organic pollutants. Most of the PAH compounds were detected both in filtrate of water sample from the new, active part of the landfill and filtrate of influent water to the treatment plant which is located 200 m downstream the landfill. This was also the case for the polycyclic musk compounds and bisphenol A. Nonylphenol was detected only in the filtrate from samples in the new landfill.

Sammendrag

Summary (English) Pharmaceuticals such as ibuprofen, carbamacepin and naproxen and the endocrine disrupters bisphenol A and nonylphenol are found in leachates from Norwegian municipal landfills. Ibuprofen and the musk compounds tonalid and galaxolide were found in all samples, but the concentration in the old, inactive part of the landfill was particularly high. The endocrine distruptors bisphenol A and nonylphenol were also detected in all samples, and the concentrations in two water samples taken downstream the landfill, were in the same range as found in the old part. The PAHs found in the leachates were methyl substituted naphtahalen, biphenyl, acenapthylene, acenapthene, fluorene and phenanthrene. All samples were filtrated (< 0,5 ?m) before analysis. Filtrates from two wells were analyzed to measure transportable organic pollutants. Most of the PAH compounds were detected both in filtrate of water sample from the new, active part of the landfill and filtrate of influent water to the treatment plant which is located 200 m downstream the landfill. This was also the case for the polycyclic musk compounds and bisphenol A. Nonylphenol was detected only in the filtrate from samples in the new landfill.

Sammendrag

I forbindelse med bruk av DDT som insektmiddel i skogplanteskolene, foreligger det restkonsentrasjoner av DDT og nedbrytningsproduktene DDD og DDE i landbruksjord i tilknytning til disse. Landbruksdepartementet har etablert en faggruppe for å utrede konsekvenser av dette forholdet og behov for tiltak på slik diffust forurenset landbruksjord. Utredningen baserer seg på tilgjengelig kunnskap, nasjonalt og internasjonalt, og vurderingene er gjort på et generelt grunnlag i forhold til DDT-forurensning, jordkjemi, biotilgjengelighet, planteopptak, avrenningspotensiale og risiko for helse og miljø. Gruppen anbefaler at det etableres akseptverdier for landbruksjord i Norge, men at det gjennomføres en midlertidig ordning over de to påfølgende vekstsesonger (2004 og 2005) inntil det er gjort. Det foreslås at det under en slik midlertidig ordning tillates planteproduksjon for direkte matkonsum kun på områder med DDT-konsentrasjoner som ligger under 0,7 mg/kg, tilsvarende den canadiske grenseverdien. Fastsettelse av midlertidig akseptnivå for dyrking av fôrvekster bør baseres på grenseverdier for fôrvarer og estimert opptak av DDT i utvalgte fôrvekster. I områder hvor DDT-konsentrasjonen i jord antas å kunne representere en uakseptabel risiko, må det foretas en stedspesifikk risikovurdering og/eller tiltak. Lokaliteter hvor det har skjedd eller hvor det er fare for avrenning til nærliggende resipienter, bør prioriteres i forhold til vurdering av tiltak.

Sammendrag

Fire ulike komposter ble benyttet til å evaluere ulike kjemiske parameteres egnethet som stabilitetsindeks. Vannløselig TOC viste signifikant korrelasjon til biologisk aktivitet målt som respirasjonsrate, og foreslås som en mulig operasjonell parameter ved komposteringsanlegg.

Sammendrag

Våtkjemiske oksydasjon ved bruk av Fentons reagens viste å kunne bryte ned DDT i forsøk med oppgravde forurensede masser. Det ble i løpet av de første 5 minutter oppnådd ca. 50% reduksjon og ved å forlenge behandlingsprosessen opp til 12-24 timer ble rundt 80% nedbrytning målt. Hvitråtesopp viste en i størrelsesorden 31-37% nedbrytning i løpet av 4 ukers behandling. Forsøkene har demonstrert at metoden både med hensyn på oppnådd renseresultat og økonomi, kan anvendes for avhending av oppgravd forurenset jord fra skogplanteskoler.