Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2023
Forfattere
Jenny Stien Jenny Mattisson Inger Hansen Oddmund Kleven Åshild Taksdal Randby Leif Egil Loe Erik Ropstad Atle Mysterud Audun StienSammendrag
Kongeørn Aquila chrysaetos, Havørn Haliaeetus albicilla, sau Ovis aries, tap av sau på utmarksbeite, sykdom i sau, GPS, DNA, rovdyr-husdyr, konflikter
Sammendrag
Rapporten gir en oversikt over resultater fra overvåking av bekker, elver og innsjøer i Vannområde Morsa i perioden 1. november 2021 – 31. oktober 2022. Resultatene inkluderer oversikt over konsentrasjoner av næringsstoffer og suspendert sediment i alle stasjoner, samt tarmbakterier i elver og bekker, og klorofyll og algetellinger i innsjøer. I 2022 ble alle innsjøene i nedbørfeltet undersøkt. Årsperioden var svært tørr, og tilførslene av næringsstoff var derfor lave. Et faktaark oppsummerer resultatene (Vedlegg 7).
Sammendrag
Denne rapporten gir en totalvurdering av sperregjerder og innmarksgjerder som tiltak for å hindre rein i å trekke inn på dyrka mark samt konsekvenser av tiltaket for miljø og samfunn. Begge gjerdeløsninger kan anbefales, avhengig av områdets beskaffenhet. Men siden evnen til å stoppe rein er større og konsekvensene for miljø og samfunn er mindre for innmarksgjerder enn for sperregjerder, bør man over tid satse mer på innmarksgjerder og mindre på sperregjerder.
Forfattere
Lars T. Havstad Geir Kjølberg Knudsen Trond Olav Pettersen Kristine Sundsdal Tonje Vitsø Trygve S. AamlidSammendrag
Høsten/vinteren 2022-2023 ble det utført et forsøk på NIBIO Landvik med ulike metoder for utvasking av frø fra bær av svartsurbær (Aronia melanocarpa), samt hvordan disse behandlingene påvirker frøets spireevne. Metodene var lett vasking (fjerning av plantesaft og mindre plantedeler) og grundig vasking (fjerning av plantesaft og det meste av fruktkjøttet), enten for hånd eller ved hjelp av en industrielt tilpassa vaskemaskin. Tidsstudier, utregnet som arbeidstid (minutter) pr kg med friske bær, viste at den totale tida til utvasking og rensing av frø av svartsurbær ble omtrent halvert når det ble vasket med maskin sammenlignet med vasking for hånd, uansett hvor nøye/grundig vaskingen ble utført. Mest effektivt var det å maskinvaske ut frøet i en grundig prosess hvor plantesaft og mesteparten av fruktkjøttet ble fjernet før frørensing (6,5 minutter pr kg bær). Under vaskeprosessen, både ved bruk av vaskemaskin og for hånd, ble det vasket ut mer frø (flotert bort sammen med fruktkjøttet) når det ble vasket grundig enn ved mer lettvint vasking. Ved maskinvasking utgjorde denne forskjellen 1 g frø pr kg bær (8%). Frøet som var igjen etter den grundige vaskingen var imidlertid tyngre og spirte bedre enn frøet som var lettere vasket. I middel for to ulike stratifiseringstider (90 og 120 dager), var spireevnen hos frø som var lett og grundig maskinvaska henholdsvis 65 og 77%. Selv om spirehastigheten (opptelling etter 7 dager) var raskere hos frø som var stratifisert i 120 dager, var det ikke nødvendig med mer enn 90 dagers stratifisering for å oppnå maksimal spireevne. I middel for 4 ulike vaskemetoder var spireevnen etter opptelling etter 35 dager 66-67 % uansett om stratifiseringslengden var 90 eller 120 dager. Ut fra en helhetsvurdering anses en forholdsvis grundig maskinvasking, med fjerning av plantesaft og mye av fruktkjøttet, som den mest effektive metoden ved utvasking av frø av svartsurbær. Noe frø vil gå tapt i en slik grundige renseprosess, men det tapte frøet er lett og har dårlig spireevne.
Forfattere
Daniel Beat Müller Miguel Las Heras Hernandez Avijit Vinayak Pandit Anne Falk Øgaard Kjell Inge ReitanSammendrag
Phosphorus is a building block for all life and therefore plays an essential role in food production. Currently, large amounts of phosphorus enter the Norwegian food system from abroad in the form of mineral fertilizer, feedstuff, food, as well as micro-ingredients for animal feed, mainly in salmon farming. However, only a small fraction of this phosphorus ends up as food for humans, while the largest part accumulates in soil and water systems. This inefficiency entails two challenges: 1. Phosphorus supply is critical. Phosphate rock, the primary source of phosphorus for fertilizer and micro-ingredient production, is a limited resource that is highly concentrated in a few countries. Over 80% of global phosphate rock reserves are found in only 5 countries, and ~70% are located in Morocco and Morocco-occupied Western Sahara. The high concentration renders many countries vulnerable to geopolitical and economic instabilities and threatens food safety. The EU has therefore included phosphate rock on its list of Critical Raw Materials. 2. The accumulation of phosphorus in water systems can lead to eutrophication and dead zones, threatening fish stocks and other aquatic life. The high phosphorus concentration in soils due to overfertilization over long periods of time increases the danger of losses to water systems by runoff, further exacerbating the eutrophication risk. A more circular use of phosphorus could simultaneously reduce supply and pollution risks. This is particularly relevant in Norway, where the government has an ambition to increase salmon and trout production from currently 1,5 to 5 million tons by 2050. Achieving a circular phosphorus economy is a complex task: (i) The land- and the sea-based food systems are increasingly interlinked, for example through agricultural production of fish feed or the application of fish sludge on agricultural land. (ii) The Norwegian phosphorus cycle is increasingly interlinked with that of other countries as trade flows along the entire food supply chain are growing. (iii) Phosphorus fertilizers, both primary and recycled, are often contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium, uranium, and zinc, which tend to accumulate in soils. Cleaning the phosphorus cycle is therefore vital for soil fertility and human health. This report is based on the MIND-P project, which studied the Norwegian phosphorus cycle for both agriculture and aquaculture at a farm-by-farm basis and explored options for increasing circularity. The project identified farm-level and structural barriers to managing phosphorus resources more effectively. We propose four fundamental strategies to overcome these barriers: 1. Develop and maintain a national nutrient accounting. 2. Minimize phosphorus losses and accumulations at farm level. 3. Establish infrastructures for capturing, processing, trade, and use of manure and fish sludge to produce high-quality recycled fertilizers that are tailored to the needs of the users in Norway and abroad. 4. Adopt a regulatory framework to promote a market for recycled fertilizer. The strategies proposed here were developed with the support of an Advisory Panel consisting of representatives from government, industry, industry associations, and NGOs in an online and two physical workshops conducted in 2022.
Forfattere
Corine Alexis Faehn Michael Reichelt Axel Mithöfer Timo Hytönen Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Laura Elina JaakolaSammendrag
Background Though many abiotic factors are constantly changing, the photoperiod is a predictable factor that enables plants to time many physiological responses. This timing is regulated by the circadian clock, yet little is known about how the clock adapts to the differences in photoperiod between mid-latitudes and high latitudes. The primary objective of this study was to compare how clock gene expression is modified in four woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) accessions originating from two different populations in Italy (IT1: Tenno, Italy, 45°N, IT4: Salorno, Italy, 46°N) and two in Northern Norway (NOR2: Alta, Norway, 69°N, NOR13: Indre Nordnes, Norway 69°N) when grown under simulated daylength conditions of an Arctic or mid-latitude photoperiod. The second objective was to investigate whether population origin or the difference in photoperiod influenced phytohormone accumulation. Results The Arctic photoperiod induced lower expression in IT4 and NOR13 for six clock genes (FvLHY, FvRVE8, FvPRR9, FvPRR7, FvPRR5, and FvLUX), in IT1 for three genes (FvLHY, FvPRR9, and FvPRR5) and in NOR2 for one gene (FvPRR9). Free-running rhythms for FvLHY in IT1 and IT4 were higher after the Arctic photoperiod, while the free-running rhythm for FvLUX in IT4 was higher after the mid-latitude photoperiod. IT1 showed significantly higher expression of FvLHY and FvPRR9 than all other accessions, as well as significantly higher expression of the circadian regulated phytohormone, abscisic acid (ABA), but low levels of salicylic acid (SA). NOR13 had significantly higher expression of FvRVE8, FvTOC1, and FvLUX than all other accessions. NOR2 had extremely low levels of auxin (IAA) and high levels of the jasmonate catabolite, hydroxyjasmonic acid (OH-JA). Conclusions Our study shows that circadian rhythms in Fragaria vesca are driven by both the experienced photoperiod and genetic factors, while phytohormone levels are primarily determined by specific accessions’ genetic factors rather than the experienced photoperiod. Keywords Arctic, Mid-latitude, Photoperiod, Daylength, Circadian clock, Phytohormones, Circadian rhythm, Fragaria vesca, Plant adaptation
Forfattere
Peter Zubkov Barry Gardiner Bjørn Egil Kringlebotn Nygaard Sigmund Guttu Svein Solberg Tron Haakon EidSammendrag
Forest damage caused by heavy wet snow accumulation in the canopy is the second most important abiotic forest disturbance agent in Nordic conifer stands after wind. The extent and frequency of snow damage in the future climate in the Nordic region is a major uncertainty. Few mechanistic models of snow damage risk to trees exist that could support forest management scenario analysis and decision making. We propose a snow damage risk model consisting of a numerical weather prediction-based snow accumulation model for forest canopies and a mechanistic critical snow load model. Snow damage probability predictions were validated on snow breakage data from the winters of 2016 and 2018 covering 3.5 million individual trees in south-eastern Norway derived from pre- and post-damage aerial laser scanning campaigns. The proposed model demonstrated satisfactory damage and no-damage class separation with an AUC of 0.72 and 0.77 in Norway spruce and Scots pine, respectively, and an F1 score of 0.7 in conifers taller than 10 m that suffered moderate stem breakage. The model achieved a classification accuracy that is comparable to that of statistical models but is simpler and requires fewer inputs.
Forfattere
Simon BergSammendrag
Normal log lengths in Norway are 3–6 m (NL), but occasionally there is a demand for short timber with a 2.5 m log length (ST). There are concerns that ST could reduce the forwarders' productivity. Six type stands were created based on harvester data. Different assortment distributions, conditions, and forwarders were simulated in each type stand. It was found that an additional ST assortment almost always decreased productivity (from –15.5 to +4%). Increased forwarding distance (m), more difficult driving conditions, and increased log concentration [m3·(100 m strip road)–1] decreased the productivity difference between sites with ST and NL and sites with only NL. Increased forwarder size increased the productivity difference between sites with ST and NL and sites with only NL. It is possible to load two stacks of ST on some forwarders. Such loading was more productive than loading one stack on longer forwarding distances, while the opposite was the case on short distances. However, loading two stacks of ST can lead to overloading.
Sammendrag
Accurate estimation of site productivity is essential for forest projections and scenario modelling. We present and evaluate models to predict site index (SI) and whether a site is productive (potential total stem volume production ≥ 1 m3·ha−1·year−1) in a wall-to-wall high-resolution (16 m × 16 m) SI map for Norway. We investigate whether remotely sensed data improve predictions. We also study the advantages and disadvantages of using boosted regression trees (BRT), a machine-learning algorithm, to create high-accuracy SI maps. We use climatic and topographical data, soil parent material, a land resource map, and depth to water, together with Sentinel-2 satellite images and airborne laser scanning metrics, as predictor variables. We use the SI observed at more than 10 000 National Forest Inventory (NFI) sample plots throughout Norway to fit BRT models and validate the models using 5822 independent temporary plots from the NFI. We benchmark our results against SI estimates from forest monitoring inventories. We find that the SI from BRT has root mean squared error (RMSE) ranging from 2.3 m (hardwoods) to 3.6 m (spruce) when tested against independent validation data from the NFI temporary plots. These RMSEs are similar or marginally better than an evaluation of SI estimates from operational forest management plans where SI normally stems from manual photo interpretation.
Sammendrag
Material exiting the harvester is composed of chaff and straw. Chaff is a by-product of grain harvest comprises weed seeds and husk. Harvest Weed Seed Control (HWSC) systems aim at collecting and/or killing weed seeds in the chaff fraction during crop grain harvest. If chaff is removed or processed via impact mills or concentrated in a narrow zone in the field and collected, the overall weed infestation may be reduced in the following years. Chaff may be used as a new biomass feedstock, for example, as a renewable energy source, material for construction ( e.g. , insulating boards, cardboard, bedding), soil improvement ( e.g ., mulch, mushroom compost), and for agricultural purposes ( e.g. , weed growth inhibitor, animal diet). Using chaff directly is unfavorable because of its low bulk density. Therefore, compressing chaff into pellets can improve its handling. In this preliminary study, we assessed how pelletizing would affect the germinability of weed seeds in the chaff pellets. Whole wheat chaff and fine wheat chaff sieved were mixed with seeds of the two weed species scentless mayweed ( Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch.Bip.) and cornflower ( Centaurea cyanus L.), respectively. While 22% of T. inodorum seeds and 59% of C. cyanus seeds in wheat chaff samples were able to germinate, no weed seeds germinated from moist pelletized original and fine wheat chaff samples. The study indicates a low risk of spreading weed seeds with pelletized chaff probably because the heating during the pelletizing process kills the weed seeds.