Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2008
Sammendrag
From 2002 to 2007, the number of organic farms in Norway has increased slightly, from 2303 to 2611. The area of organically certified and in conversion farmland has increased much more, from 32,499 to 49,563 ha. Hence, the average size of organic farms has increased considerably, from 19.7 to 25.5 ha agricultural area per farm. This is 20 % above the Norwegian average farm size. As parallel production is permitted, many farms have both organic and conventional production. The average organically managed agricultural area has increased from 11 to 15.4 ha per farm, and the number of milking cows on organic dairy farms from 15 to 20. Many small farms have opted out of certified organic agriculture, whereas farmers with more land are converting to organic. While most of the public financial support in Norwegian agriculture is differentiated in relation to farm size and region, support for organic agriculture is little differentiated. This encourages the conversion of larger operations. However, the diversity of the organic sector is reduced when smaller farms do not convert or opt out, and it should be considered how organic farming can be an interesting option for farmers independent of farm size.
Sammendrag
Agurkgrønnmosaikkvirus (Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, CGMMV) har blitt funnet i fire gartnerier i Norge i 2007. Avlingstall fra et gartneri indikerer at CGMMV kan forårsake avlingstap opp mot 40-50 % i salgbar avling. Kartleggingsdata fra 2007 tilsier at CGMMV er en skadegjører som kan anses å være av begrenset utbredelse i veksthusagurk. CGMMV har trolig ikke vært til stede i norsk agurk produksjon siden 1983 og tilfellene som har blitt funnet i 2007 kan ansees for å være nye introduksjoner inn i PRA området. På grunn av potensielt høye avlingstap i moderne agurkproduksjon, rask spredning og vanskelighetene og kostnadene forbundet med å bekjempe viruset, må CGMMV ansees for å være en trussel for moderne, intensiv agurkdyrking i Norge. Den potensielle skaden består av avlingstap, direkte kostnader forbundet med bekjempelse (arbeid, kjemikalier, opphold i dyrkinga) og indirekte kostnader knyttet til vanskeliggjort samarbeid med andre dyrkere og usikkerhet i markedssituasjonen.
Forfattere
Peter Simon Erik JonerSammendrag
In this paper, we made an attempt to assess the conceivable interactions of insoluble, persistent nanoparticles with food matrix and living systems following from their physicochemical properties and to outline the analytical methods for the nanoparticles determination in food matrix. It is reasoned that adsorption of species and agglomeration and ageing of nanoparticles are phenomena originating in the relaxation of surface free energy. Further it has been deduced that nanoscale materials have a unique aility to interact with proteins and other biopolymers. The deductions also underline the catalytic activity of nanoparticles, primarily in oxodative reactions which may lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species and to the oxidative stress. The ability of nanoparticles to act as nuclei or germs in the induced heterogeneous crystallization is also considered.
Forfattere
H Dupré de Boulois Erik Joner C Leyval I Jakobsen B.D. Chen P Roos Y Thiry G Rufyikiri B Delvaux S DeclerckSammendrag
This review summarizes current knowledge on the contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to radiocesium immobilization and plant accumulation. These root symbionts develop extended hyphae in soils and readily contribute to the soil-to-plant transfer of some nutrients. Available data show that ecto-mycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can accumulate high concentration of radiocesium in their extraradical phase while radiocesium uptake and accumulation by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is limited. Yet, both ECM and AM fungi can transport radiocesium to their host plants, but this transport is low. In addition, mycorrhizal fungi could thus either store radiocesium in their intraradical phase or limit its root-to-shoot translocation. The review discusses the impact of soil characteristics, and fungal and plant transporters on radiocesium uptake and accumulation in plants, as well as the potential role of mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation strategies.
Sammendrag
Commercial strawberry production in Scandinavia started as early as the 1920s, with the cultivar `Abundance". Although the production area was about 1500 ha, the yield was very low (< 3 t ha-1). In the 1960s Scandinavia had a large increase in strawberry area and yield per hectare. The strong development of strawberry production came after the introduction of the cultivar `Senga Sengana", new growing techniques (black polyethylene mulch) and the release of new and more efficient fungi- and herbicides. Over the past 30 years, the yield and growing area has stabilized, although the number of strawberry growers has decreased strongly. Today, Scandinavia has a strawberry production of about 8500 ha, yielding about 75 000 tons of berries in a very short summer-season. Almost all strawberry growing is perennial production with single-cropping (SD) cultivars in open field, and the fields are normally kept for 3-5 years. The main strawberry cultivars grown today are `Korona", `Polka", `Honeoye", `Jonsok" and `Florence". The area of `Sonata" is increasing. While almost all strawberries up to the 1970s were picked and sold through a "pick-your-own" system, today, almost 95% is sold through wholesale dealers for fresh consumption, and only a small amount is frozen for processing. Since the mid 1990s, there has been a slow decrease in the strawberry production area in Scandinavia. This is due to an over-production of strawberries in a short, hectic season, giving very low prices. To avoid this, attempts are being made to extend the season, especially with row cover, plastic tunnels, stored plants and new cultivars (including everbearing cvs.). The growing area covered with polyethylene tunnels are now increasing in all the Scandinavian countries. The area of raspberry in Scandinavia was stable up to the 1990s, with a production of about 500 ha. The production was mainly for the processing industry with old Norwegian and Finnish cultivars. Since 1995, the raspberry area has doubled, and is still increasing. This came after introduction of the Scottish cultivar `Glen Ample", which has shifted the production from mainly for the processing industry, over to mainly for fresh consumption. This development was started in Norway, and the other Scandinavian countries are following up. Introduction of `Glen Ample" has given the growers new possibilities to increase their income, and the focus on extending the season and on berry quality, have increased. About half of the Norwegian raspberry production is now under polyethylene tunnels, and this leads again to new possibilities of extension of the season by growing long canes or primocane-fruiting varieties like `Polka". Less than 120 ha of blueberries are produced in Scandinavia. The yields are low, and the picking cost too high. But, there is increasing interest, related to health benefits, from the marked. The main challenges for berry production in Scandinavia are access to and cost of labour, and how to meet the increased competition from imported berries. The Scandinavian countries have also strong restrictions in the number, and use of pesticides. Increased focus on taste and quality will be important in the future.
Forfattere
Audun KorsæthSammendrag
A 3.3 ha field experiment with tile-drained plots was established in 1988/89 at the Research Centre of the Arable Crops Division in central southeast Norway (60°42"N, 10°51"E, altitude 250 m). Six cropping systems, each with 2 replicates, are practiced on twelve 1.8 ha blocks, arranged in a randomised complete block design. During the first 10 years, the experiment provided data for many studies covering a wide range of topics. Some adjustments were made to the experimental treatments in 2000. The experiment now comprises three arable systems ("old-fashioned" and "modern" conventional arable cropping, and organic arable cropping with green manure as its only nutrient input) and three mixed dairy systems ("modern" conventional production of both arable and forage crops with 50% grass-clover ley, and organic production of both arable and forage crops with either 50 or 75% grass-clover ley in the rotation, all with farmyard manure). In this study, yields and N leaching/runoff losses are presented for the six agrohydrological years (May-April) 2001-2006. Results are discussed in relation to N use efficiency and sustainability of the systems.
Forfattere
Anne Falk ØgaardSammendrag
Gjødslingspraksis ved bruk av husdyrgjødsel er undersøkt i fire av feltene i det nasjonale Program for jord- og vannovervåking i landbruket (JOVA). Tilført mengde fosfor til eng og bygg var til dels betydelig over anbefalt mengde der det ble tilført husdyrgjødsel, mens middel tilførsel var nær anbefalt mengde der kun mineralgjødsel ble tilført. Overdoseringen var størst der det ble brukt fosforrik husdyrgjødsel som grisegjødsel og hønsegjødsel. 94 % av skiftene i Kolstad og 72 % av skiftene i Time som fikk tilført fosforrik husdyrgjødsel ble tilført mengder i løpet av et år som ga >3,5 kg P/daa. Ved tilførsel av storfegjødsel ble 40 %, 54 %, 8 % og 11 % av skiftene i henholdsvis Kolstad, Time, Volbu og Naurstad tilført mengder i løpet av et år som ga >3,5 kg P/daa. Ved tilførsel av husdyrgjødsel ble fosfortilførslen med mineralgjødsel redusert, men i middel var reduksjonen betydelig mindre enn fosformengden som ble tilført med husdyrgjødsel. Middel fosforbalanse (tilført fosfor - fosfor fjernet med avling) for skifter som ble tilført husdyrgjødsel var positiv. Bare i ett av nedbørfeltene ble det i middel gjødslet med mer nitrogen til eng enn anbefalt. Overdoseringen med nitrogen var størst der det ble brukt husdyrgjødsel. I middel for perioden 2000-06 ble 58 %, 82 %, 88 % og 86 % av husdyrgjødsla spredd i vekstsesongen i henholdsvis Kolstad, Naurstad, Time og Volbu.
Sammendrag
Det norske landskapet er dominert av fjell og skog, og bare ca 3% av landarealet er dyrka mark. Mange oppfatter det derfor nærmest som "ren natur" og villmark. Sannheten er imidlertid en annen: på grunn av at det dyrkbare arealet er så lite, har det norske jordbruket gjennom tusener av år vært nødt til å basere seg på utmarksressursene.
Forfattere
Margarita Novoa Garrido Cristina L. Marolda Miguel A. Valvano Henning SørumSammendrag
Organic acids are promising candidates as substitutes for antibiotic growth promoters, as they show positive effects on weight gain and control of pathogens. Their addition to the litters as sanitizers, are being suggested. Organic acids affect bacteria in different ways depending on the type of organic acid molecule, external factors such as pH, and the type of bacterial strain. A better understanding of the effects organic acids cause on normal intestinal bacterial flora is needed to make an optimal use of organic acids and avoid possible negative long-term consequences. To investigate the response of a normal intestinal commensal bacterium to continuous mild acid stress, a wild type Escherichia coli strain was submitted to serial passages in buffered medium containing 0,03% formic acid (FA) at mild acidic conditions (pH 5.25 and 6.1) for 20 months. Three morphologically distinctive colony variants (mucoid, non-mucoid and parental) appeared after two months of serial culture in FA. The mucoid colonies formed a long thread that could be up to three meters long when they were picked with a loop. The non-mucoid showed a very dry appearance and irregular shape. The third type of colony variant resembled the parental E. coli strain. Cultivation on Congo red agar and calcofluor suggested the production of fimbriae and/or cellulose or another similar linear extracellular polymer on the surface of the mucoid and non-mucoid variants. In a biofilm assay on glass surfaces the mucoid and non-mucoid variants showed pellicle- and biofilm-forming properties. The parental strain did not show any of the multicellular behaviour features. Phase contrast microscopy demonstrated that the bacterial cells from the mucoid colonies were notorious long, forming "spaghetti"-like structures containing clear vacuoles and pycnotic areas. The SEM examination demonstrated that the cells from the non-mucoid colonies were connected by filament-like structures, probably curli fimbriae, that created a net-like matrix between the bacterial cells which were not observed in colonies from the parental strain or from the mucoid colonies. By LPS extraction and immunoblot analysis we have also shown that the expression of O antigen of the E. coli strain r17 was reduced after several months of weekly passages in the presence of FA. Thus, we also examined the LPS profile of the two colony variants. While the mucoid colonies displayed a normal LPS profile, the non-mucoid variant had an anomalous O antigen profile characteristic of strains lacking the wzz gene, which is responsible for the regulation of the length of the O antigen chains. The development of the parental strain r17 into these morphologically different colonies is likely to be a response of the strain to the environmental stress that the mild acidic pH and the presence of FA in the medium represent. The changes suffered by the parental strain cause biofilm formation. One may speculate whether a selection towards a more invasive and/or biofilm producing bacterial flora is taking place when organic acids are used as feed additives in animal husbandry with the potential consequences for the animal health and hygiene this could represent. Screening of the normal intestinal bacterial microflora of animals fed with these feed additives and their environment could bring more light to this concern. This study has been funded by a grant from the Norwegian Research Council.
Forfattere
Lars Tørres HavstadSammendrag
Med utgangspunkt i de meterologiske målingene på værstasjonene Landvik (Aust-Agder) og Lyngdal (Vest-Agder) gir artikkelen en oversikt over været på Agder i vekstsesongen 2007.