Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2009
Forfattere
Siv Grete Aarnes Eva Bellemain Hans Geir Eiken Ingvild WartiainenSammendrag
Comparisons of individual DNA-profiles between different laboratories require that the data can be standardized. In this study, we compared DNA profiles of brown bears (Ursus arctos) from Sweden with DNA profiles of Norwegian brown bears. Brown bear samples from Sweden were analyzed at Laboratoire d"Ecologie Alpine (LECA) in France, while the samples collected in Norway were analyzed in the DNA laboratory at Bioforsk Svanhovd. In April 2008, DNA from 38 different bears were analyzed both at LECA in France and at Bioforsk Svanhovd in Norway, which allowed to estimate a first calibrations keys and normalise the data. In this study, new calibration keys were determined in order to make the genotypes from Norwegian bears comparable with the whole Swedish bear genetic database. The comparison based on the new calibration key included 163 individuals from Norway (time period 2005-2009) and gave 42 matches with individuals from the database for Swedish brown bears (time period 2001-2009). Marker MU59 did not function well in this calibration and additional analyses are needed to sort out the problems with this marker.
Forfattere
Aksel DøvingSammendrag
Global climate is supposed to get warmer the next decades. In Western Norway the average temperatures are suggested to increase about 1.0 ºC until 2050 and about 2.6 ºC until 2100, compared to 1980-2000. Data on strawberry yield were obtained from commercial strawberry growing in open field in the valley of Valldal in the fjord district of Norway for the years 1970-2000. These long time series were used for developing regression models to explain the effect of changing climate on harvest time for the strawberry cultivar ‘Senga Sengana". The mean temperatures per month for May, June, and July were crucial for the time of ripening. If the start of the harvest season was defined as the day of 5 % accumulated yield, the average date for the start of the season was about July 18 in this district for the last 40 years. According to the predicted climate change and the regression models the strawberry season will start on average 6 days earlier in 2050 and 22 days earlier in 2100 compared to the average of 1970-2000, provided that the cultivars are similar to ‘Senga Sengana" and that the cultural techniques are about the same as now. The harvest season was predicted to be on average about 4 days shorter in 2100 than in 1970-2000.
Forfattere
Ellen Johanne Svalheim Oddvar PedersenSammendrag
Slevdalsvann ble fredet som naturreservat i 2005. Reservatet utgjør et viktig våtmarksområde med sump, strandenger, rikmyrområder. Området er artsrikt og har et særpreget fugleliv. Det er et viktig rasteområde under trekk for mange truete og sjeldne fuglearter. Videre inneholder reservatet flere rødlistede planter knyttet til rikmyrene. Både amfibier og annet dyreliv er naturlig knyttet til området. Slevdalsvann som er nær 500 dekar er en av Norges best bevarte kystnære sumper av noe størrelse. Det har de siste århundrene vært gjennomført store drenerings- og oppdyrkingsprosjekter rundt vannet. Noe som har medført en dramatisk minking av vannflateareal og en akselererende gjengroing.Denne skjøtselsplanen kommer med konkrete forslag til restaurerings- og skjøtselstiltak ut fra dagens tilstand. Det er et mål at eksisterende natur- og artsverdier skal sikres de beste leve- og utviklingsmuligheter i framtiden.
Forfattere
Alhaji Jeng Wilkson Makumba Jeremiah OkeyoSammendrag
The project addresses key constraints to agricultural production and soil productivity in Chitekwere, located in a relatively dry region of Malawi. The project laid strong emphasis on participatory approaches to technology development and adoption. At the Extension Planning Area (EPA) level interaction between farmers, researchers and extension resulted in the choice of 5 technologies which were to be on-station and on-farm tested. One hundred farmers were involved, each picking up a technology or two of her/his choice. Plots of 10 X 10 m were used for the trials, which were conducted during the rainy season. Yield data of Year 1 have shown promise for some of the technologies, but were not enough to draw conclusions. The trials are being repeated in Year 2. Project ends in September 2010.
Forfattere
Mekjell MelandSammendrag
The performance of 26 different cherry rootstocks (‘Hexaploid Colt"," Damil", ‘Tabel® Edabriz", ‘Gisela® (Gi) 3", ‘4", ‘5", ‘6", ‘7", ‘11", ‘Giessen (GI) 107/1", ‘148/13", ‘154/7" , ‘195/20", ‘318/17", ‘497/8", ‘523/02", ‘Weiroot (W) 10", ‘53", ‘158", ‘Maxma 14", ‘Maxma 60", ‘Maxma 97", ‘PHL-A", ‘PHL-B", ‘Piku®1"and ‘Piku® 3"), compared with ‘Colt" as a standard, for the cultivar ‘Lapins" (Prunus avium L), was assessed in a field trial in western Norway at 60° North. Trees, one-year-old whips, were planted in spring 1999; at 2.0 x 4.5 m spacing and trained to central leader as free spindle. Tree vigour, yield, fruit size, fruit quality and yield efficiency were evaluated for eight subsequent years. Tree sizes were significantly affected by the rootstocks after eight years growth. ‘Tabel®Edabriz", ‘Gi 3" and ‘Gi 4" produced the smallest and ‘Piku®3", ‘Colt"," Damil" and ‘Maxma 60" the largest trees as measured by trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA). The most vigourus rootstock had five times larger TCSA than the dwarfest rootstocks. ‘Piku®1" was the most productive rootstock for this cultivar with highest cumulative yield followed by ‘Colt", ‘Piku®3" and ‘Gi 523/02". Average yield per tree and per year during the first seven cropping years was 12 kg for ‘Piku®1". ‘Piku®1" and ‘Gi 5" induced early bearing. Trees on ‘Gi 5" and ‘Gi 6"were the most yield efficient. Fruit size became significantly affected by the different rootstocks. In average for the different cropping years many of the Gi number selections, ‘Colt", ‘Damil" and ‘Piku®1"all had a average fruit weight larger than 10 g per fruit. Fruit quality characterized by the content of soluble solids was in an average of 17.5 %. It was not influenced by crop load and did not differ much between trees on the various rootstocks. In conclusion, for high density production systems the most productive semi-vigorous rootstocks were ‘Colt"," Piku®3" and ‘Damil" and the semi-dwarf Piku®1", ‘Gi 5" and "Gi 6".
Forfattere
Greg Lang Greg LangSammendrag
Intensive sweet cherry production (Prunus avium L.) in tunnel covered orchard systems offer an advantage of reducing rain-induced fruit cracking and other secondary advantages such as manipulation with the environment and fruiting. The research objective is to develop a management system to delay fruit maturity in sweet cherry trees for producing late season, high quality fruits for the export market. In May 2005 a Haygrove multibay tunnel system was installed at the experimental farm at Bioforsk Ullensvang, Norway. It consisted of four bays (8.5 m width and 70 m long each). It was built on 2.5 m legs and has an open kit strut system fully accessible for tractor. In these tunnels feathered 1-year old sweet cherry ‘Sweetheart"/Colt trees were planted; two rows in each tunnel. Trees were planted in four-tree plots with ‘Lapins" as guard tree in between and trained as free spindles. Planting distance was 2.0 x 4 m. Each tunnel was splitted into two halves covered with plastic covers having different light spectral transmittance; Luminance THB film (absorbing infrared light) and traditional Visqueen clear UV polythene film. Two tunnels were covered before bloom by the end of April and two tunnels in early July. Subplots consisted of treating with 20 ppm gibberellin at straw yellow fruit colour and of reflective ground cover. Documentation of the environmental modifications, evaluation of tree growth, reproductive performance and impact of pests will be studied. The harvest on the control trees started in mid August. Preliminary results showed that GA3 treated trees delayed the harvest with about a week, improved fruit size and fruit firmness. Average crop per tree was 9 kg in the fourth leaf. Size distribution of the fruits showed that half of the fruits were in average larger than 32 mm in diameter. The polythene film Luminance THB reduced the temperature build up on sunny days and improved the fruit size.
Sammendrag
Food quality labels linked to landscape, climate and geographical origin are favorable tools for rural development. Our project will link the benefits of farm animals grazing on mountain pasture to quality of local artisan food products. Then the French word "terroir" meaning the sense of place and defined as the impact of the soil, the climatic condition and the vegetation on the products could be used in marketing. Today"s consumers are looking for more than nutrition from their food; it should contribute to their health, they are looking for enjoyment, and they require a high ethical standard in the food production. Unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants like carotenoids and polyphenols are considered important nutraceuticals according to many health benefits.These compounds are also used in traceability of animal feeding diet in the meat and milk products. Plant biomarkers are compounds that are not synthesized by animals, but occur in the food products due to the animals diet. Carotenoids and polyphenols are examples of such direct plant biomarkers, while fatty acids are metabolic markers deriving from animal metabolism and are called indirect markers. The objectives of the project are to document "terroir-effects" and high food quality that may give added values to the products and a better price in the market.The study is carried out in two representative summer-farming areas in Central Norway. Two summer-farms in Budalen (Forollhogna and Teijavollen) and one in Østerdalen (Gjermundshaug) participated in the study. Subalpine/alpine pastures are the main fodder source in the summer farming period, but all farmers use supplementary feeding consisting of concentrates in different quantities (3 kg - 7.5 kg per day). The analyzed local food was sour creams produced at the summer farms by the farmers. The reference product was an industrially produced (TINE) sour cream, based on different types of pastures, mostly high productive species, less species rich lowland pastures or silage and supplementary feeding by concentrates. In the last week before milk samples (for production of the test products) were taken in middle of August, herbs and grass samples from pastures belonging to the different summer farms were collected. The plants were frozen (dry ice) and transported together with samples of sour cream from each summer farm to the laboratory. Sour creams were analysed for composition and content of a range of fatty acids, carotenoids and content of total polyphenols. In addition a sensory preferencetest of the three summer-farm sour creams together with that from TINE was performed.Results showed that sour cream from mountain pastures in Teijavollen and Forollhogna has the same amount of a-linolenic acid (C18:3) in the pasture, 56.7 and 56.0 %, respectively. The sour cream from Forollhogna has significantly more of the healthy polyunsaturated fatty acid (C18:3) even if tless water content is taken into account. Probably these results could be explained by differences in metabolism in the two herds (low yielding Norwegian dairy breed versus the modern, moderate yielding dairy breed Norwegian Red (NRF), but also by differences in use of supplementary feeding of concentrates. Only small amounts of CLA are generally found in the pasture while sour cream from Forollhogna has nearly the double amount as the industrial produced sour cream from Tine. The amounts of polyphenols and carotenoids in sour cream and pastures from the mountains were also compared. The more polyphenols and carotenoids in the grazing areas the more were found in the sour creams. Two mountain sour creams and Tine factory sour cream were analysed in a sensory ranking test. No significant differences (P
Forfattere
Vitalis Wafula Wekesa Gilberto Jose de Moraes Edwin Moisés Marcos Ortega Italo Delalibera Jr.Sammendrag
The fungal pathogen Neozygites floridana Weiser and Muma has been evaluated as a classical biologicalcandidate for introduction into Africa against the invasive tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansiBaker and Pritchard. In this study, the effect of temperature on sporulation, germination and virulenceof three isolates of N. floridana collected from T. evansi in three climatically distinct regions of Braziland Argentina was determined. Six constant temperatures of 13 C, 17 C, 21 C, 25 C, 29 C and 33 Cwere tested for their effect on the ability of the three fungal isolates to sporulate, germinate and killthe mites. Six alternating-temperature regimes of 17-13 C, 21-13 C, 29-13 C, 33-13 C, 33-23 C,33-28 C under a 12 h photophase were also tested to estimate virulence of the three isolates againstT. evansi. The Vipos isolate discharged more conidia than isolates from Recife or Piracicaba at all temperaturesand sporulation was strongly temperature dependent. Optimal sporulation rates were observed at25 C while optimal germination rates were observed at 25 C and 29 C. At 29 C, the shortest mean survivaltime of T. evansi (3.16 days, 95% CI of 3.05-3.27) was observed for the isolate from Vipos, while thelongest LT50 (3.47 days, 95% CI 3.34-3.59) was observed for the isolate from Piracicaba. Mortality of mitesincreased as the differences between alternating day and night temperatures increased from 8 C (21-13 C), to 10 C (33-23 C), to 16 C (29-13 C), with smallest and highest temperature differences of4 C (17-13 C) and 20 C (33-13 C), both producing low mortalities. The overall results suggest thatthe Vipos isolate is better adapted to a wider range of temperatures than the other isolates tested.
Forfattere
Lise Gunn SkrettebergSammendrag
Overvåkingsprogrammet for rester av plantevernmidler har de senere år omfattet uttak av ca. 1 500 prøver av et bredt spekter av ulike slag frisk frukt, grønnsaker, korn/ris og barnemat samt en del prosesserte næringsmidler. Prøveuttaket omfatter vareslag som er viktige i det daglige kostholdet, men også varer som konsumeres mer sporadisk.I 2008 ble det undersøkt 1502 prøver. Stikkprøver av frukt og grønnsaker utgjorde størstedelen av prøvemengden med 1121 prøver. De resterende prøvene var 98 av matkorn/ris, 102 økologiske prøver, 44 prøver av barnemat, 116 prøver som Norge bidro med til to nordiske kartleggingsprosjekter, syv enkelthenvendelser, fem prøver til analyse av guarkjernemel og ni prøver til rettet kontroll. I alt ble 90 ulike vareslag av frukt, grønnsaker, barnemat og korn/ris fra 58 forskjellige land analysert. Det totale søkespekteret i 2008 inneholdt 272 stoffer.Totalt i 2008 ble det påvist overskridelser i 44 prøver. Totalt var det overskridelser av 25 forskjellige stoffer. 14 av prøvene hadde overskridelser av mer enn ett stoff.Av de analyserte prøver av frisk frukt og grønnsaker var 50 % av samlet prøveuttak uten påvisbare rester av plantevernmidler. Gjeldende grenseverdier (MRL= Maximum Residue Level) ble overskredet i 0,7 % av prøvene. I 2008 ble det ikke påvist overskridelser i norskproduserte produkter. Det ble påvist rester av 94 ulike plantevernmidler. Av de ordinære stikkprøvene var 39 % norskprodusert, mens 61 % var importert, henholdsvis 50 % fra EU og 50 % fra tredjeland. Av 98 analyserte korn- og risprøver var 84 % av samlet prøveuttak uten påvisbare rester av plantevernmidler. 14 % viste rester under/uten grenseverdi. Rester av insektmiddelet pirimifosmetyl ble oftest påvist. To prøver hadde funn over gjeldende grenseverdi (ingen overskridelse i norske produkter). For barnemat ble det i 2008 tatt prøver av 44 varepartier, 30 norskproduserte og 14 importerte. 37 forskjellige vareslag av barnemat ble analysert. Det ble ikke påvist funn av plantevernmidler i noe barnemat. Det ble tatt ut 102 prøver av varer som var merket økologisk dyrket, hvorav 30 var norskproduserte. Det ble påvist rester av skadedyrmidlet imazalil i én prøve med appelsiner fra Spania, og difenyl i en prøve med sitroner fra Italia. Begge påvisningene var under grenseverdi for konvensjonelt (ikke helsefare). Påvisningene ble fulgt opp av Debio pga brudd på regelverket for økologiske varer. De nordiske land har tidligere utført kartleggingsprosjekter over bestemte kontinenter. For 2008 ble Afrika valgt ut. Thailandsprosjektet oppstod som et resultat av oppfølging fra tidligere prosjekter. Thailandprosjektet utpekte seg spesielt når det gjelder overskridelser. Av totalt 61 prøver i Thailandprosjektet ble det funnet 26 prøver med overskridelser(43 %).Ved høye overskridelser av grenseverdiene, ved funn der inntak kan medføre akutt helsefare eller ved gjentatte funn over grenseverdiene blir importører/grossister/produsenter pålagt krav om at samme type vare ikke må omsettes før det foreligger tilfredsstillende analyseresultater fra rettet kontroll. I 2008 ble ni varepartier stoppet for rettet kontroll. Det ble påvist fem overskridelser fordelt på fire av prøvene som var til rettet kontroll, men resultatene ble vurdert til ikke å representere akutt helsefare. Når det er påvist overskridelser er det ikke lov å omsette varen. Partiene med overskridelser ble derfor ikke frigitt for omsetting. Når overskridelser blir vurdert å medføre akutt helsefare, blir funnene rapportert via RASFF, det europeiske meldesystemet for helsefarlig mat- og fôrvarer. I 2008 ble det rapportert ni prøver til RASFF, samtlige var tatt ut som del av Thailandprosjektet. To av stoffene som var tilstede i partier der funnet ble vurdert å kunne medføre akutt helsefare er ikke godkjent innen EU/Norge, henholdsvis EPN og dikrotofos. I prosjektet var det også funn av stoffene metamidofos, triazofos, protiofos og metomyl som heller ikke er godkjent i EU lenger. Seks av de ni funnene som ble vurdert å kunne medføre akutt helsefare var av stoffer som manglet norsk grenseverdi (funn uten grenseverdi). Mattilsynet ser alvorlig på at ni av prøvene i dette prosjektet ble vurdert å kunne medføre akutt helsefare, og de aktuelle virksomhetene følges opp av Mattilsynets distriktskontorer. Virksomhetene er ansvarlige for at varene som omsettes er helsemessig trygge.Resultatene fra Thailand-prosjektet bidro sterkt til statistikken for prosentvis antall overskridelser av grenseverdi for importerte varer (fra tredjeland) og funn som ble vurdert å kunne medføre akutt helsefare. Med unntak av et funn i mango, var funnene som ble vurdert å kunne medføre akutt helsefare funnet i eksotiske varer som ikke er så vanlige i det norske kosthold. Importpartiene var ganske små selv om noen av varene var distribuert til utsalgssteder fra flere steder i landet. Resultatene for 2008 viser at frukt og grønnsaker som omsettes i Norge fortsatt har et lavt nivå av rester av plantevernmidler. Fra et helsefaglig synspunkt kan det konkluderes at restnivået av plantevernmidler i norskproduserte og importerte vegetabiler anses å representere svært liten helsefare.
Forfattere
Lillian ØygardenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag