Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2009
Forfattere
Tor Håkon Sivertsen Josef Eitzinger Sabina Thaler Simone Orlandini Pavol Nejedlik Valentin Kazandjiev Dragutin MihailovicSammendrag
During the past decades, many new software tools were developed to be used for agricultural research as well as for decision making. For example, crop and whole farm system modelling, pest and disease warning models/algorithms, models for irrigation scheduling or agroclimatic indices can help farmers significantly in decision-making for crop management options and related farm technologies. The aim of Working group 1 of COST734 was a review and assessment of agroclimatic indices and simulation models relevant for various European agricultural activities. The key results, based on a survey by questionnaires among the COST734 participating countries (see: http://www.cost734.eu/) and a literature survey, are presented in this study. It includes an overview of most used agrometeorological or agroclimatic indices and process oriented crop models for operational as well as scientific applications, an analysis of the limitations for applications and an overview of spatial applications in combination with GIS and remote sensing in Europe. The COST734 survey showed for example, that research activities regarding the development of agroclimatic indices in Europe are focused on indizes on drought, phenology, frost and heat stress. Process oriented crop models are mainly applied for wheat and maize, which is related to their importance in European crop production. In many cases there are still limitations of crop model applications in Europe, which often are related to the availability of input data. Spatial crop model applications including a combination with remote sensing data are still rare. There are a number of different models and indices in use, varying by regions and countries. From the survey it can be concluded that there is a need of standardisation and harmonization of applications of agroclimatic indices as well as crop models in Europe in order to allow inter-comparison of the results and to improve the interpretation of results.
Forfattere
Laura Jaakola Mika Paassilta Marko Suokas Inger Martinussen Kristiina Antonius Lena Ansebo Magnus Göransson Alfia Khairullina Asdis Helga Bjarnadottir Ulfur Oskarsson Anja Hohtola Anna Maria Pirttilä Simo Moisio Olavi Junttila Andreas Åkerström Anders Jäderlund Ulla Bång Hely HäggmanSammendrag
Wild berries are a charcteristic part of the Northern nature and a potential speciality of Nordic countries. Wild berries are also a valuable resource that has not yet been exploited in a satisfactory level. Approximately 90-95 per cent of the wild berry crop yield is left unpicked in the Nordic forests every year. The challenges of the wild berry utilization are similar in the Nordic countries - the logistics of berry picking including traceability, fragmented sector structure as well as the high share of unprocessed raw material in export. The Nordic project focusing on biberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) "Bilberry: Towards functional food markets" (2007-2009) is part of the New Nordic Food programme funded by the Nordic Innovation Centre. The aim of the project was to promote Nordic cooperation between representatives from universities, research institutes and industry in order to improve wild berry production and utilisation on the Nordic and global market. To achieve this goal a network between the Nordic experts of the different fields of the wild berry sector has been established. The project has focused on marketing research, quality issues, biodiversity and traceability of wild berries, especially bilberry. The results of the marketing survey were first published in the Nordic Wild Berry seminar in November 2008. The aim of the survey was to generate an overall picture of the companies working with wild berries in Nordic countries and gather information on the existence and willingness of the berry companies to cooperate for instance in wild berry supply, logistics, marketing or research and development. According to the results, a general agreement for the need of increased cooperation at the Nordic level was highlighted.
Forfattere
Anne-Kristin Løes Carola Strassner Benjamin Nölting Thorkild NielsenSammendrag
The policies and practice of school meal provision in Germany are currently in a dynamic transition led on by the introduction of a fulltime school system. One of the many issues being highlighted is its potential to increase the use of organic produce. The research project "innovative Public Organic food Procurement for Youth" (iPOPY; www.ipopy.coreportal.org) analyses the entire system. Results of the first comparison between Italy, Finland, Denmark, and Norway are presented here, as a background to discuss the German situation. Using a common guideline developed in iPOPY the types of school meal provision can be categorised as (a) warm lunch (IT, FI) or (b) fruit and milk subscription schemes to supplement a packed lunch (DK, NO). Italy emerges as the pioneer of organic school meal provision. Certification of organic catering is mandatory in Germany whereas the other countries have slightly diverging or no apparent regulation. Notwithstanding the wide array of influencing factors, some decisive elements fostering organic school food can be identified such as (a) active local stakeholders and (b) quality requirements.
Forfattere
Douwe Hoornstra Douwe Hoornstra Tommy Nesbakk Mirja Salkinoja-SalonenSammendrag
Background: Anaerobic digestion in a biogas plant (BGP) is an alternative way to handle organic household waste. There is an increasing interest in BGPs using municipal food waste as energy source for producing gas, mainly methane. The waste product from a BGP is digestate, which may be used as a fertiliser in organic agriculture. The digestate can be separated into a solid and a liquid fraction by centrifugation.Objective: To assess the hygienic risk of toxigenic bacteria in the liquid fraction of the digestate (~2 % d.w.) from a BGP using municipal food waste as an energy source, focusing on heat stable toxin producing Bacillus cereus.Method: The digestate was sampled monthly from a BGP from May 2008 to February 2009. The potential for cereulide production in the digestate was measured by quantitative PCR using primers targeted at B. cereus group (Hansen et al. 2001) and the peptide synthetase gene specific for cereulide (cesB gene; Ehling-Schulz et al 2004), and it was searched for cultivable isolates of toxigenic B. cereus.Result: The digestate contained an average of 104 copies of B. cereus genome and 103 to 104 cesB gene copies per ml. The digestate contained 0.5 to 10 × 106 viable bacteria per ml of which 1 % were heat stable spores. Culturable presumptive B. cereus was isolated in 9 out of 10 samples, averaging 102 CFU per ml.Conclusion: 1) Analysis of DNA showed that the raw materials used for the biogas production contained B. cereus. A significant portion of the B. cereus genomes possessed the cesB gene. 2) Approximately 1 % of the heat stable spores represented B. cereus. The content of viable B. cereus in the liquid fraction of the digestate was within the limits acceptable for foods.
Forfattere
Douwe Hoornstra Tommy Nesbakk Espen Govasmark Mirja Salkinoja-SalonenSammendrag
Background: Anaerobic digestion in a biogas plant (BGP) is an alternative way to handle organic household waste. There is an increasing interest in BGPs using municipal food waste as energy source for producing gas, mainly methane. The waste product from a BGP is digestate, which may be used as a fertiliser in organic agriculture. The digestate can be separated into a solid and a liquid fraction by centrifugation. Objective: To assess the hygienic risk of toxigenic bacteria in the liquid fraction of the digestate (~2 % d.w.) from a BGP using municipal food waste as an energy source, focusing on heat stable toxin producing Bacillus cereus. Method: The digestate was sampled monthly from a BGP from May 2008 to February 2009. The potential for cereulide production in the digestate was measured by quantitative PCR using primers targeted at B. cereus group (Hansen et al. 2001) and the peptide synthetase gene specific for cereulide (cesB gene; Ehling-Schulz et al 2004), and it was searched for cultivable isolates of toxigenic B. cereus. Result: The digestate contained an average of 104 copies of B. cereus genome and 103 to 104 cesB gene copies per ml. The digestate contained 0.5 to 10 × 106 viable bacteria per ml of which 1 % were heat stable spores. Culturable presumptive B. cereus was isolated in 9 out of 10 samples, averaging 102 CFU per ml. Conclusion: 1) Analysis of DNA showed that the raw materials used for the biogas production contained B. cereus. A significant portion of the B. cereus genomes possessed the cesB gene. 2) Approximately 1 % of the heat stable spores represented B. cereus. The content of viable B. cereus in the liquid fraction of the digestate was within the limits acceptable for foods.
Sammendrag
Utviklingen mot et bærekraftig landbruk krever en forståelse av hvordan produksjon og konsum påvirker miljøet. Den tradisjonelle måten å betrakte miljøproblemer i landbruket på har vært å fokusere på relativt snevre enkeltprosesser. Det kan føre til at endringer for å løse et miljøproblem kan gi nye miljøbelastninger andre steder. Derfor er helhetlige betraktninger av miljøeffekter viktig. Livssyklusanalyse (LCA = Life Cycle Analysis) er den mest utviklede metodikken for å få frem slike helhetlige oversikter. Blant de mest brukte kategoriene for miljøpåvirkning i LCA finner vi globalt oppvarmingspotensiale (klima), eutrofiering, forsuring, menneskelig toksisitet, energibruk, råvareressurser, og arealbruk. Innen sektoren landbruk og matproduksjon er vi på norsk side sent ute med satsing på LCA. På flere områder er det ulikheter mellom norske forhold og det vi for eksempel finner i våre naboland. Dette gjelder for blant annet arealbruk, infrastruktur, mekanisering, driftsformer, jordtyper og produksjonsgrunnlag, variable innsatsfaktorer, høstingsregimer og avlingsnivåer. En norsk satsing på LCA vil være ressurskrevende, men vil ha god nytte av erfaring fra våre naboland og fra generell internasjonal LCA-erfaring. Det finnes ingen snarvei til raske resultater. Det kreves en prosess med videreutvikling steg for steg. Først må eksisterende kunnskap kartlegges og sammenstilles for ulike aktiviteter og utslippskilder langs verdikjedene til relevante matprodukter. Dernest må man generere kunnskap der det mangler. Nøkkelfaktorer i miljøregnskapet må finnes, analyseres og dokumenteres. Det er viktig at det på en planmessig og hensiktsmessig måte blir arbeidet med de forbedringspotensialer som eksisterer. Gjennomføring av komplette LCA-studier er tidkrevende. Det vil være et langsiktig arbeid, og de mest betydningsfulle matproduktene og produksjonsmønstre må analyseres først. Vi kan utnytte de forttrinn vi har gjennom godt organiserte bransjer og systemer. Vi har også god faglig kompetanse på veiledningstjeneste og innen forskningsmiljøer. LCA-kompetansen på landbruk er svak i Norge, men det finnes sterke norske kunnskapsmiljø med generell LCA-kompetanse. Vi må også utnytte internasjonal erfaring. Summert opp er dette et bra utgangspunkt, men det er avgjørende at de riktige nettverk kommer i gang med konstruktiv aktivitet på området.
Sammendrag
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), also called European blueberry, is one of the most significant wild berries in the Nordic countries. The berries are recognized for their bioactive properties and distinctive aroma and flavor. The effects of climate on production and the quality of bilberries have been studied in a controlled experiment in a phytotrone using clonal material. In the experiment individual plants from two Northern clones and two Southern clones of bilberry have been grown at 12◦ and 18◦ C. At each temperature 3 different light treatments have been tested; 1) 24 hour (h) natural light (long day); 2) 24 h natural light with addition of red light and 3) 12 h light (short day). All plants were kept outside during flowering to ensure pollination by insects. Berries were sampled when ripe, weighed and stored at -80◦C for later analysis of carbohydrates, acids, phenols, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid. At 12◦C the two Northern clones produced the first ripe berries 5 weeks after pollination, while the two Southern clones needed an extra two weeks to ripening. This difference was most evident at the 24 hour day length treatment. At 18◦C both the Northern and Southern clones had ripe berries from 5 weeks after pollination. The results also indicate that the Northern clones produce better at long days, with and without addition of red light, compared to the Southern clones. The levels of fructose, glucose and sucrose are higher in berries developed at 12 than 18◦ C (means of all treatments and all clones). Also the level of citric acid, quinic acid, myo-inositol, gallic acid, cathecin, epigallocatechin, catechin derivates and quercetin are higher at the lowest temperature.
Forfattere
David M. Gadoury Belachew Asalf M. Catherine Heidenreich Maria Luz Herrero Mary Jean Welser Robert C. Seem Anne Marte Tronsmo Arne StensvandSammendrag
A collection of clonal isolates of Podosphaera aphanis was heterothallic, and was composed of two mutually exclusive mating types. Cleistothecial initials approximately 30 µm were observed within 7 to 14 days after pairing of compatible isolates and developed into morphologically mature ascocarps within 4 weeks on both potted plants maintained in isolation and in field plantings in New York, USA and southern Norway. Ascospores progressed through a lengthy maturation process over winter, during which (i) the conspicuous epiplasm of the ascus was absorbed, (ii) the osmotic potential of the ascospore cytoplasm increased, resulting in bursting of prematurely-freed spores in water, and finally (iii) the development of physiologically mature, germinable, and infectious ascospores. Release of overwintered ascospores from field collections was coincident with renewed plant growth in spring. Overwintered cleistothecia readily dehisced when wetted, and released ascospores onto glass slides, detached strawberry leaves, and leaves of potted plants. Plant material so exposed to discharged ascospores developed macroscopically-visible mildew colonies within 7 to 10 days while non-inoculated controls remained mildew free. Scanning electron and light microscopy studies revealed that cleistothecia of P. aphanis were enmeshed within a dense mat of hyphae on the persistent leaves of field-grown strawberry plants, and were highly resistant to removal by rain while these leaves remained alive. In contrast, morphologically mature cleistothecia on leaves of 11 deciduous perennial plant species were readily detached by simulated rain and seemed adapted for passive dispersal by rain to other substrates. Contrary to many previous reports, cleistothecia appear to be a functional source of primary inoculum for strawberry powdery mildew. They furthermore differ substantially from cleistothecia of powdery mildews of many deciduous perennial plants in their propensity to remain attached to the persistent leaves of their host during the intercrop period.
Forfattere
Trygve S. Aamlid Tatsiana Espevig Bjørn Molteberg Arne Tronsmo Ole Martin Eklo Ingerd Skow Hofgaard Gro Hege Ludvigsen Marit AlmvikSammendrag
Take-all patch (Gaeumannomyces graminis) and snow mould (Microdochium nivale and Typhula spp.) are common diseases on sand-based golf greens. Our objectives were (1) to study potential suppression of these diseases on new greens by inclusion of 20 % (v/v) garden compost ‘Green Mix" (GM) in the otherwise straight sand (SS) root zones; (2) to study efficacy against these diseases and leaching potential of fungicides approved for turfgrass use in Norway; and (3) to evaluate if repeated use of fungicide has any effect on microbial numbers in USGA root zones. Prochloraz (0.45 kg a.i. ha-1), azoxystobin + propiconazole, (0.200 + 0.125 kg a.i. ha-1), or trifloxystobin + propiconazole (0.1875 + 125 kg a.i. ha-1) were applied for two consecutive years on two experimental greens, one including field lysimeters with either SS or GM root zones. Iprodione (2.250 kg a.i.ha-1) was applied only outside the lysimeter facility. None of the fungicides had any significant effect on take-all at the applied rates. Azoxystobin + propiconazole and trifloxystrobin + propiconazole were more efficient than prochloraz and iprodione in controlling snow mould. Leaching from SS root zones increased in the order trifloxystrobin< prochloraz
Sammendrag
Transport and turnover of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is important in the C cycle of organic soils. The concentration of DOC in soil water is buffered by adsorption to the soil matrix, and has been hypothesized to depend on the pool size of adsorbed DOC. We have studied the effect of frequent artificial excessive leaching events on concentration and flux of DOC in shallow, organic rich mountain soils. Assuming a constant Kd value for DOC adsorption to the soil matrix, we used these data to assess the change in the pool of adsorbed (or potential) DOC in the soil. The study involved manipulation of precipitation amount and frequency in summer and autumn in small, heathland catchments at Storgama, southern Norway. The shallow soils (16 to 34 cm deep on average) limit the possibility for changes in water flow paths during events. The mini-catchments range in size from 75 m2 to 98 m2. Our data show that after leaching of about 1.2 g DOC m-2 the DOC concentration in runoff declines by approximately 50%. From this we conclude that the pool size of adsorbed potential DOC in the shallow soils at any time is of the order 2-3 g m-2. Frequent episodes suggest that the replenishment rate, which depends on the decomposition rate of soil organic matter, is fast and the potential DOC pool could be fully restored probably within days during summer, but with some more time required in autumn, due to lower temperatures. Both pool size of potential DOC and replenishment rate are seasonally dependent. The pool of potential DOC, and thus the DOC concentration in discharge, is at their maximum in the growing season. However, under non-leaching conditions, the concentration of DOC in soil water and thus the pool size of potential DOC seems to level off, possibly due to conversion of DOC to less reversibly bound forms, or to further decomposition to CO2.