Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Forfattere
Mathias Neumann Adam Moreno Christopher Thurnher Volker Mues Sanna Härkönen Matteo Mura Olivier Bouriaud Mait Lang Giuseppe Cardellini Alain Thivolle-Cazat Karol Bronisz Jan Merganic Iciar Alberdi Rasmus Astrup Frits Mohren Maosheng Zhao Hubert HasenauerSammendrag
Net primary production (NPP) is an important ecological metric for studying forest ecosystems and their carbon sequestration, for assessing the potential supply of food or timber and quantifying the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. The global MODIS NPP dataset using the MOD17 algorithm provides valuable information for monitoring NPP at 1-km resolution. Since coarse-resolution global climate data are used, the global dataset may contain uncertainties for Europe. We used a 1-km daily gridded European climate data set with the MOD17 algorithm to create the regional NPP dataset MODIS EURO. For evaluation of this new dataset, we compare MODIS EURO with terrestrial driven NPP from analyzing and harmonizing forest inventory data (NFI) from 196,434 plots in 12 European countries as well as the global MODIS NPP dataset for the years 2000 to 2012. Comparing these three NPP datasets, we found that the global MODIS NPP dataset differs from NFI NPP by 26%, while MODIS EURO only differs by 7%. MODIS EURO also agrees with NFI NPP across scales (from continental, regional to country) and gradients (elevation, location, tree age, dominant species, etc.). The agreement is particularly good for elevation, dominant species or tree height. This suggests that using improved climate data allows the MOD17 algorithm to provide realistic NPP estimates for Europe. Local discrepancies between MODIS EURO and NFI NPP can be related to differences in stand density due to forest management and the national carbon estimation methods. With this study, we provide a consistent, temporally continuous and spatially explicit productivity dataset for the years 2000 to 2012 on a 1-km resolution, which can be used to assess climate change impacts on ecosystems or the potential biomass supply of the European forests for an increasing bio-based economy. MODIS EURO data are made freely available at ftp://palantir.boku.ac.at/Public/MODIS_EURO.
Forfattere
Roger RosethSammendrag
Utbyggingsprosjektet E18 Bommestad – Sky har deponert bunnrenskemasser (BRM) fra tunneldriving på massedeponiet ved Langemyr i henhold til definert prosedyre med prøvetaking og kontroll av innkjørte masser. Prosedyren omfattet uttak av blandprøver for analyse av alifatiske hydrokarboner for hver 100 m3 kjørt til deponiet. Normverdi for alifatiske hydrokarboner (>C12-C35) er 100 mg/kg i følge forurensningsforskriften. Akseptkriteriet er basert på statistisk grunnlag og er satt til aritmetisk middel lavere enn 100 mg/kg og 90-persentil mindre enn 2 ganger normverdi (200 mg/kg). Basert på disse kriteriene har det blitt gjort en løpende vurdering av resultatene for totalvolum BRM tilkjørt deponiet. Fortolkningen av regelverket gir rom for usikkerhet vedrørende hvilke masser som bør kjøres til annen deponering. For totalvolumet av BRM tilkjørt deponiet har undersøkelsene vist at kravet til innhold av alifatiske hydrokarboner er tilfredsstilt, både med hensyn til aritmetisk middel og innenfor 90-persentil. Innholdet av alifatiske hydrokarboner i massene varierer noe. Innholdet av alifatiske hydrokarboner kan være marginalt høyere en normverdi dersom man betrakter mindre volum/områder BRM. Enkelte mindre områder kan ha et høyere innhold av alifatiske hydrokarboner, samtidig som akseptkriteriene er tilfredsstilt. Antall målinger utført gir en god dokumentasjon av innholdet av alifatiske hydrokarboner i BRM. Gjennomført risikovurdering har vurdert deponering av BRM på Langemyr, med vekt på innhold av alifatiske hydrokarboner. Herunder risiko for miljø, liv/helse og infrastruktur/eiendom. Det er gjort tiltak som skal forebygge teoretisk risiko for utvasking av hydrokarboner fra BRM og for å minimere eksponering mot dyr og mennesker. Samlet sett gir gjennomført deponering av BRM lav risiko for miljø, liv/helse og infrastruktur/eiendom. For vannmiljø bygger vurderingen blant annet på at analyser har vist at hydrokarbonene består av tyngre forbindelser (C12-C35) som har lav mobilitet og gir liten fare for utlekking til vassdrag. Hydrokarbonene forventes å være sterkt bundet til finmasser i BRM. Over tid vil de brytes ned eller forbli bundet som inerte forbindelser. For økt sikkerhet med hensyn til utlekking gjennomføres det ett oppfølgingsprogram for analyse av alifatiske hydrokarboner i Hagabekken nedstrøms deponiet. Innledningsvis med månedlig prøvetaking. Etter et år evalueres det om videre oppfølging er nødvendig. De innledende analyseomgangene har ikke vist spor av olje i bekken. I henhold til YM-planen for E18 Bommestad – Sky ble det satt krav om at Hagabekken ikke skal tilføres anleggsvann med innhold av hydrokarboner over 10 mg THC/l. Til sammenligning er det lite sannsynlig at utlekking av oljeforbindelser fra Langemyr deponi vil gi opphav til sporbare konsentrasjoner av olje i Hagabekken. Risikoen for at alifatiske hydrokarboner i BRM vaskes ut og gir uheldige miljøeffekter på vannkvaliteten i Hagabekken/ Norbytjern vurderes som lav.
Sammendrag
Stem elongation and flower bud emergence in response to photoperiod (16 and 20 h) and temperature (10, 14 and 18 °C) were characterized in three Norwegian (Lea, Nordi, Reipo) and one Swiss (Fregata) red clover variety. The Norwegian varieties were slower in generative development than Fregata, and were, unlike Fregata, responsive to an increase in photoperiod from 16 to 20 h. Lea was later than Reipo, while Nordi was intermediate. Across all varieties, the earliness of stem elongation in response to temperature was saturated at 14 °C, whereas earliness of flower bud emergence also responded to an increase from 14 to 18 °C. Photoperiod and temperature had additive effects on timing of development prior to stem elongation and complementary effects on timing of development prior to flower bud emergence. Developmental rates calculated on a thermal time basis varied between temperature treatments.
Sammendrag
Biochar and its properties can be significantly altered according to how it is produced, and this has ramifications towards how biochar behaves once added to soil. We produced biochars from corncob and miscanthus straw via different methods (slow pyrolysis, hydrothermal and flash carbonization) and temperatures to assess how carbon cycling and soil microbial communities were affected. Mineralization of biochar, its parent feedstock, and native soil organic matter were monitored using 13C natural abundance during a 1-year lab incubation. Bacterial and fungal community compositions were studied using T-RFLP and ARISA, respectively. We found that persistent biochar-C with a half-life 60 times higher than the parent feedstock can be achieved at pyrolysis temperatures of as low as 370 °C, with no further gains to be made at higher temperatures. Biochar re-applied to soil previously incubated with our highest temperature biochar mineralized faster than when applied to unamended soil. Positive priming of native SOC was observed for all amendments but subsided by the end of the incubation. Fungal and bacterial community composition of the soil-biochar mixture changed increasingly with the application of biochars produced at higher temperatures as compared to unamended soil. Those changes were significantly (P < 0.005) related to biochar properties (mainly pH and O/C) and thus were correlated to pyrolysis temperature. In conclusion, our results suggest that biochar produced at temperatures as low as 370 °C can be utilized to sequester C in soil for more than 100 years while having less impact on soil microbial activities than high-temperature biochars.
Sammendrag
Black currant is a woody plant in which growth and development are intimately controlled by, and synchronised with seasonal changes in photoperiod and temperature. Concern over the potential impact of global warming on plant phenology and yield, led us to initiate relations. An experimental system with single-stemmed potted plants was developed which allowed a research program to address both qualitative and quantitative assessment of climatic responses. Growth cessation and flowering were both induced by short days, with critical photoperiods of approximately 17 and 16 h, respectively, for most cultivars. Both processes were advanced and promoted by increasing autumn temperature with an optimum in the 18-21°C region. An exception was cultivars of high-boreal origin, which had an early growth cessation at low temperature. Unexpectedly, however, not all plants flowered after exposure to 10 h photoperiod, and the number of flowers decreased as the photoperiod was reduced from the near-critical length of 15 h. This was due to premature dormancy induced by an abrupt change to photoperiods well below the critical level. Field experiments revealed that cultivars of varying geographic origin, exhibited a typical latitudinal cline in their photoperiodically controlled timing of growth and flowering responses. Breaking of bud dormancy and promotion of flower bud development required chilling at -5°C for 14 weeks or more for optimal responses. However, while chilling at -10°C for 8 weeks resulted in dormancy release, continued chilling to 16 weeks inhibited bud break completely. We therefore propose that excessive chilling induces secondary bud dormancy in black currant. The observed high chilling requirements of black currants concur with the reported vulnerability of this crop to declining winter chill in the wake of the ongoing global warming. Furthermore, such conditions also induce a particularly deep bud dormancy state that further increases the chilling need.
Forfattere
Eva Brod Anne K. Falk Øgaard Tore Krogstad Trond Haraldsen Emmanuel Frossard Astrid ObersonSammendrag
Minable rock phosphate is a finite resource. Replacing mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizer with P-rich secondary resources is one way to manage P more efficiently, but the importance of physicochemical and microbial soil processes induced by secondary resources for plant P uptake is still poorly understood. Using radioactive-labeling techniques, the fertilization effects of dairy manure, fish sludge, meat bone meal, and wood ash were studied as P uptake by barley after 44 days and compared with those of water-soluble mineral P (MinP) and an unfertilized control (NoP) in a pot experiment with an agricultural soil containing little available P at two soil pH levels, approximately pH 5.3 (unlimed soil) and pH 6.2 (limed soil). In a parallel incubation experiment, the effects of the secondary resources on physicochemical and microbial soil processes were studied. The results showed that the relative agronomic efficiency compared with MinP decreased in the order: manure ≥fish sludge ≥wood ash ≥meat bone meal. The solubility of inorganic P in secondary resources was the main driver for P uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare). The effects of secondary resources on physicochemical and microbial soil processes were of little overall importance. Application of organic carbon with manure resulted in microbial P immobilization and decreased uptake by barley of P derived from the soil. On both soils, P uptake by barley was best explained by a positive linear relationship with the H2O + NaHCO3-soluble inorganic P fraction in fertilizers or by a linear negative relationship with the HCl-soluble inorganic P fraction in fertilizers.
Forfattere
R. Drenkhan Halvor Solheim A. Bogacheva T. Riit K. Adamson T. Drenkhan T. Maaten Ari HietalaSammendrag
Dieback of European ash was first observed in Europe in the early 1990s. The disease is caused by the invasive ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, proposed to originate from Far East Asia, where it has been considered a harmless saprotroph. This study investigates the occurrence of H. fraxineus in tissues of local ash species in the Russian Far East, and assesses its population-specific genetic variation by ITS sequencing. Shoot dieback symptoms, characteristic of H. fraxineus infection on European ash, were common, but not abundant, on Fraxinus mandshurica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla trees in Far East Russia. High levels of pathogen DNA were associated with necrotic leaf tissues of these ash species, indicating that the local H. fraxineus population is pathogenic to their leaves. However, the low levels of H. fraxineus DNA detected in shoots with symptoms, the failure to isolate this fungus from such tissues, and the presence of other fungi with pathogenic potential in shoots with symptoms indicate that local H. fraxineus strains may not be responsible (or their role is negligible) for the observed ash shoot dieback symptoms in the region. Conspicuous differences in ITS rDNA sequences detected between H. fraxineus isolates from Russian Far East and European populations suggest that the current ash dieback epidemic in Europe might not directly originate from the Russian Far East. Revision of the herbarium material shows that the earliest specimen of H. fraxineus was collected in 1962 from the Russian Far East and the oldest H. fraxineus specimen of China was collected in 2004.
Forfattere
Klaus MittenzweiSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Sjur Spildo PrestegardSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er en økende interesse for opplevelser innen natur, kultur og lokalmat, og landbruksbasert reiseliv kan på mange områder imøtekomme denne typen etterspørsel. I dette prosjektet har vi kartlagt en del momenter innen landbruksbasert reiseliv og gårdsmat, både gjennom litteraturgjennomgang, kvalitativ studie og spørreundersøkelse blant HANENs medlemmer og en del bedrifter som deltok på bygdeturismekampanjen til Innovasjon Norge. En tilsvarende undersøkelse blant HANENs medlemmer gjort i 2008, er brukt som sammenligningsgrunnlag. Vi finner flere tegn til en økende profesjonalisering i bransjen: Det er flere av foretakene som drives som selskap istedenfor enkeltmannsforetak. Det enkelte gårdsbruk har et lavere antall ulike aktiviteter nå enn i 2008, og det er også flere aktører som har høyere omsetning i dag enn i 2008. Med hensyn til motivasjon for å starte opp, skårer ønsket om å utnytte gårdens egne ressurser høyest, mens ønsket om å skape arbeidsplasser i tilknytning til bruket også er en viktig grunn for mange. De fleste bruker deler av gården i tilbudet, og det vanligste er å benytte bygninger. Av dem som tilbyr overnatting, har 77 prosent tatt i bruk eksisterende bygninger. Det mest vanlige er å tilby hytte/leilighet med kjøkken og bad. Vi ser at det er langt flere som opplever at omfanget av jordbruksdriften har økt som følge av oppstart med gårdsmat/-turisme (29 prosent), enn det er som opplever at den er redusert (9 prosent) Dette antyder at oppstart med gårdsturisme ikke nødvendig vil gå på bekostning av ordinær jordbruksdrift, men at jordbruksdriften tvert i mot kan være viktig for en vellykket gårdsmat-/turismevirksomhet. Når det gjelder kundegrunnlaget er det regionale markedet viktigst. En del savner større etterspørsel, men det er også mange som er fornøyde med etterspørselen slik den er. De fleste mottar bestillinger på telefon og e-post, men drop-in er fortsatt vanlig. De fleste har også en egen side på internett og bruker Facebook. Det er relativt få som bruker de internasjonale, nettbaserte bookingtjenestene.......