Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Sammendrag
Det overordnede målet med denne utredningen er å bidra til et første steg på vegen for økt konkurransekraft innen grøntsektoren i Norge gjennom automatisering av manuelle, ressurskrevende oppgaver. Utredningen består av to hoveddeler; i første del kartlegges behovet for automatisering sett fra grøntprodusentenes side ved hjelp av en spørreundersøkelse. I andre del utredes eksisterende og kommende teknologi relevant for grøntsektoren i Norge. Avslutningsvis evalueres de teknologiske løsningene med hensyn til potensialet for tilpasning/videreutvikling til norske forhold. I samarbeid med Gartnerhallen og Bama ble det utarbeidet et spørreskjema som ble sendt ut til 346 utvalgte produsenter i Gartnerhallens leverandørregister. Av disse svarte 136, noe som gir en svarprosent på 39. Hver produsent kunne velge å besvare spørsmål relatert til maksimalt tre av sine produksjoner/vekster, og resultatene omfatter 200 vekstspesifikke svar, som representerer 29 ulike vekster. Det var flest svar knyttet til produksjon av jordbær (14% av alle varene) og bringebær (14%), fulgt av kålrot (10%), kål (8%), agurk (6%), tomat (6%) og isbergsalat (5%). For 10 av vekstene var det bare svar fra én produsent. Resultatene viste blant annet at bruk av innled arbeidskraft utgjør en betydelig kostnad. Sett over alle vekster utgjorde kostnaden for sesongarbeidere over 20% av totalkostnadene i 75% av svarene. I 23% av svarene bidro denne posten med over halvparten av totalkostnadene forbundet med produksjonen. Av vekstene med mest robust tallmateriale (flest svar) lå jordbær og bringebær øverst med en gjennomsnittlig kostnad for innleid arbeidskraft på hhv. 42 og 45% av de totale produksjonskostnadene. Ikke overraskende viste resultatene videre at innhøsting skjer overveiende manuelt. En annen utpreget manuell arbeidsoppgave var såing/setting/planting. For øvrig var det store variasjoner mellom de ulike produksjonene. Produsentene bidro med mange forslag til hvilke arbeidsoperasjoner fra egen produksjon som egner seg for robotisering, og som bør prioriteres i det videre FoU-arbeidet. På tvers av vekster ble følgende operasjoner hyppigst nevnt; ugrasbekjempelse, øvrig plantevern, gjødsling, vanning, tynning/beskjæring og innhøsting. Informasjon om eksisterende og kommende teknologi ble skaffet til veie gjennom deltagelse på forskningskonferanser, besøk hos en rekke sentrale robotmiljøer i Europa, og ved hjelp av e- postkorrespondanse og bruk av internett. Det skal nevnes at det nærmest daglig publiseres nyheter på robotfronten, slik at denne utredningen bør betraktes som ferskvare. Resultatene ble delt inn i følgende seks grupper; 1) roboter for planting og poding, 2) roboter for ugrasfjerning og tynning, 3) roboter for beskjæring og blomstertynning av frukttrær, 4) roboter for innhøsting, 5) roboter som dekker flere bruksområder, og 6) andre roboter og automatiserte løsninger. De fleste teknologiske nyvinningene presentert i utredningen vil kunne egne seg for tilpasning/videreutvikling til norske forhold. Ut fra en evaluering basert på produsentenes behov, hvilken vekst teknologien er tilpasset, sannsynlig pris og tilgjengelighet ble fem prototyper/systemer vurdert til å ha et spesielt stort potensial i Norge. Dette omfatter i uprioritert rekkefølge; en robot for plantebehandling i radkulturer (videreutvikling av Adigos konsept), utstyr for behovstilpasset tynning av fruktblomster (tilpasning av Darwin-systemet), en høsterobot for jordbær (tilpasning av Agrobot), en høsterobot for bringebær (videreutvikling av NIBIOs høsterobot for sukkererter), samt en høstrobot for brokkoli (tilpasning av Agritronics prototyp).
Sammendrag
Water quality problems in Norway are caused mainly by high phosphorus (P) inputs from catchment areas. Multiple pollution sources contributes to P inputs into watercourses, and the two main sources in rural areas are agricultural runoff and discharge from on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs). To reduce these inputs, Constructed wetlands (CWs) treating catchment runoff have been implemented in Norway since early 1990s. These CWs have been proven effective as supplements to agricultural best management practices for water quality improvements and therefore there are more than 1000 CWs established in Norway at present. This study aims to present some overall data on the present status of CWs treating catchment runoff in Norway, and in particular recent results of source tracking and retention of sediments and total phosphorus (TP) in a model, full-scale, long-term operated CW, which in practice treats runoff from a typical rural catchment with pollution from both point and diffuse sources. Nutrient contributions from agricultural runoff and OWTSs have been quantified in eight catchments, while the source tracking and retention of sediments and P has been studied in the model CW. P runoff in the catchments was largely affected by precipitation and runoff situation, and varied both throughout the year (every single year) and from one year to another. Annual TP contribution that origins from OWTSs was in general limited, and only 1 % in the catchment of the model CW. Monthly contribution, however, was higher than 30 % during warm/dry season, and cold months with frost season. For the purpose of source tracking study, faecal indicator bacteria (reported in terms of Escherichia coli - E. coli) and host-specific 16S rRNA gene markers Bacteroidales have been applied. High E.coli concentrations were well associated with high TP inputs into waterbodies during dry or/and cold season with little or no agriculture runoff, and further microbial source tracking (MST) tests proved human contribution. There are considerable variations in retention of sediments and TP in the CW between the years, and the annual yearly retention was about 38 % and 16 %, respectively. During the study period, the average monthly retention of sediments and TP was 54 % and 32 %, respectively. E. coli concentrations were also reduced in water passing the CW. The study confirmed that runoff from agricultural areas is the main P source in watercourses, however, discharges from OWTS can also be of great importance for the water quality, especially during warm/dry- and cold/frosty periods. Small CWs treating catchment runoff contribute substantially to the reduction of sediments, TP and faecal indicator bacteria transport into water recipients.
Forfattere
Irene Biancarosa Marit Espe Christian Guido Bruckner Svenja Heesch Nina Sylvia Liland Rune Waagbø Bente Elisabeth Torstensen Erik-Jan LockSammendrag
The Norwegian seaweed industry is expanding and there is a need for accurate estimates of protein content of seaweed species from Norwegian waters. A solid method to calculate protein content is through the sum of the proteomic amino acids; however, it can be expensive and beyond the capacities of many laboratories. The most commonly used method to quantify protein is based on the assessment of crude protein from overall nitrogen content, using the traditional nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25. However, this approach can be inaccurate when applied to seaweeds, often resulting in an overestimation of their protein content. Specific nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors, calculated from amino acid composition and total nitrogen, give a more reliable protein quantification in seaweeds. However, no such factors are available for species from Norwegian waters. This study was designed to characterize the amino acid composition of 21 seaweed species from Norwegian waters and use the amino acid data to estimate protein contents of the seaweeds. Crude protein analysis (nitrogen × 6.25) was performed and resulted in overestimation (18–44 %) of the protein content compared to the sum of proteomic amino acids. Specific nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors, calculated for each species, ranged from 3.53 ± 0.1 to 5.13 ± 0.1. This study provides nutritional data on Norwegian seaweeds, covering a relatively wide range of species. Moreover, it is the first study to assess nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors on such species.
Forfattere
Thomas Gschwantner Adrian Lanz Claude Vidal Michal Bosela Lucio Di Cosmo Jonas Fridman Patrizia Gasparini Andrius Kuliesis Stein Michael Tomter Klemens SchadauerSammendrag
Key message The increment estimation methods of European NFIs were explored by means of 12 essential NFI features. The results indicate various differences among NFIs within the commonly acknowledged methodological frame. The perspectives for harmonisation at the European level are promising. Context The estimation of increment is implemented differently in European National Forest Inventories (NFIs) due to different historical origins of NFIs and sampling designs and field assessments accommodated to country-specific conditions. The aspired harmonisation of increment estimation requires a comparison and an analysis of NFI methods. Aims The objective was to investigate the differences in volume increment estimation methods used in European NFIs. The conducted work shall set a basis for harmonisation at the European level which is needed to improve information on forest resources for various strategic processes. Methods A comprehensive enquiry was conducted during Cost Action FP1001 to explore the methods of increment estimation of 29 European NFIs. The enquiry built upon the preceding Cost Action E43 and was complemented by an analysis of literature to demonstrate the methodological backgrounds. Results The comparison of methods revealed differences concerning the NFI features such as sampling grids, periodicity of assessments, permanent and temporary plots, use of remote sensing, sample tree selection, components of forest growth, forest area changes, sampling thresholds, field measurements, drain assessment, involved models and tree parts included in estimates. Conclusion Increment estimation methods differ considerably among European NFIs. Their harmonisation introduces new issues into the harmonisation process. Recent accomplishments and the increased use of sample-based inventories in Europe make perspectives for harmonised reporting of increment estimation promising.
Forfattere
Erik Lysøe Rasmus J.N. Frandsen Hege Divon Valeria Terzi Luigi Orrù Antonella Lamontanara Anna-Karin Kolseth Kristian F. Nielsen Ulf ThraneSammendrag
Fusarium langsethiae is a widespread pathogen of small grain cereals, causing problems with T-2 and HT-2 toxin contamination in grains every year. In an effort to better understand the biology of this fungus, we present a draft genome sequence of F. langsethiae Fl201059 isolated from oats in Norway. The assembly was fragmented, but reveals a genome of approximately 37.5 Mb, with a GC content around 48%, and 12,232 predicted protein-coding genes. Focusing on secondary metabolism we identified candidate genes for 12 polyketide synthases, 13 non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, and 22 genes for terpene/isoprenoid biosynthesis. Some of these were found to be unique compared to sequence databases. The identified putative Tri5 cluster was highly syntenic to the cluster reported in F. sporotrichioides. Fusarium langsethiae Fl201059 produces a high number of secondary metabolites on Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES) agar medium, dominated by type A trichothecenes. Interestingly we found production of glucosylated HT-2 toxin (Glu-HT-2), previously suggested to be formed by the host plant and not by the fungus itself. In greenhouse inoculations of F. langsethiae Fl201059 on barley and oats, we detected the type A trichothecenes: neosolaniol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, Glu-HT-2 and numerous derivatives of these.
Forfattere
Mekjell Meland Clive KaiserSammendrag
European plum cultivar Jubileum (Prunus domestica L.) blooms abundantly most years and too many fruit can be set if flowers and/or fruitlets are not properly thinned. In 2007, 2008 and 2009, mature ‘Jubileum/St. Julien A’ trees were treated with ethephon either at full bloom, at concentrations of 250, 375 and 500 mg/l or when fruitlets averaged ~12 mm in diameter at concentrations of 125, 250 and 375 mg/l. In general, flower-thinning treatments reduced fruit set significantly. Fruit set decreased with increasing ethephon concentrations, and the highest rate of ethephon applied either at full bloom (500 mg/l) or post bloom (375 mg/l) resulted in excessive over-thinning. Up to 375 mg/l of ethephon was required at full bloom whereas only 125 mg/l of ethephon was required post bloom for marked fruitlet thinning. Yields confirmed the fruit set response and yield reductions were significant. In most years, all thinning treatments resulted in fruit larger than 38 mm in diameter compared to fruit from unthinned control trees. Fruit quality, characterized by blue surface color and soluble solids content was generally higher and increased significantly with the reduction in crop load. Fruit firmness of fruit from all ethephon applications was lower than that of the fruit from unthinned control trees. In contrast, titratable acidity did not show a clear response to ethephon thinning. Return bloom the following year was mostly unaffected by all ethephon applications compared to the control. In conclusion, an ethephon application at a rate of up to 375 mg/l applied at full bloom will result in adequate thinning of ‘Jubileum’ plums and achieved a target of about 10- 15 % reduction in fruit set. When weather conditions are not conducive during flowering, a post bloom ethephon application at 125 mg/l may be applied however, this should only be considered in years of excessive flowering and as a last resort.
Sammendrag
There is limited knowledge on the toxicological, physiological, and molecular effects attributed to organophosphate (OP) compounds currently used as flame retardants or additives in consumer products. This study investigated the effects on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in juvenile Atlantic salmon liver and brain samples after exposure to two OP compounds, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). In this study, groups of juvenile Atlantic salmon were exposed using a semistatic experimental protocol over a 7-d period to 3 different concentrations (0.04, 0.2, or 1 mg/L) of TBOEP and TCEP. When toxicological factors such as bioaccumulation and bioconcentration, and chemical structural characteristics and behavior, including absorption to solid materials, are considered, these concentrations represent environmentally relevant concentrations. The concentrations of the contaminants were derived from levels of their environmental occurrence. The expression of genes related to oxidative stress—glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST)—and to lipid peroxidation—peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)—were determined using quantitative (real-time) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of PPAR proteins was also investigated using immunochemical methods. Levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in liver were used as a measure of lipid peroxidation. Overall, our data show an increase in lipid peroxidation, and this was associated with an augmented expression of genes from the glutathione family of responses. Interestingly, PPAR expression in liver after exposure to TBOEP and TCEP was consistently decreased compared to controls, while expression in brain did not show a similar trend. The results suggest that OP contaminants may induce oxidative stress and thus production of reactive oxygen substances (ROS), and modulate lipid peroxidation processes in organisms.
Forfattere
Gudrun Schwilch Lea Bernet Luuk Fleskens Elias Giannakis Julia Leventon Teodoro Maranon Jane Mills Chris Short Jannes Stolte Hedwig van Delden Simone VerzandvoortSammendrag
Despite numerous research efforts over the last decades, integrating the concept of ecosystem services into land management decision-making continues to pose considerable challenges. Researchers have developed many different frameworks to operationalize the concept, but these are often specific to a certain issue and each has their own definitions and understandings of particular terms. Based on a comprehensive review of the current scientific debate, the EU FP7 project RECARE proposes an adapted framework for soil-related ecosystem services that is suited for practical application in the prevention and remediation of soil degradation across Europe. We have adapted existing frameworks by integrating components from soil science while attempting to introduce a consistent terminology that is understandable to a variety of stakeholders. RECARE aims to assess how soil threats and prevention and remediation measures affect ecosystem services. Changes in the natural capital's properties influence soil processes, which support the provision of ecosystem services. The benefits produced by these ecosystem services are explicitly or implicitly valued by individuals and society. This can influence decision- and policymaking at different scales, potentially leading to a societal response, such as improved land management. The proposed ecosystem services framework will be applied by the RECARE project in a transdisciplinary process. It will assist in singling out the most beneficial land management measures and in identifying trade-offs and win–win situations resulting from and impacted by European policies. The framework thus reflects the specific contributions soils make to ecosystem services and helps reveal changes in ecosystem services caused by soil management and policies impacting on soil. At the same time, the framework is simple and robust enough for practical application in assessing soil threats and their management with stakeholders at various levels.
Forfattere
Lone Ross Thomas Kringlebotn Thiis Geir Isak Vestøl Ingunn Burud Solrun Karlsen Lie Olav Albert HøibøSammendrag
Use of uncoated wood in building façades has increased the last years, and therefore it is important to understand and control the aesthetical character and appearance of wood materials used outdoors. By predicting the aesthetical service life and the visual appearance of a wooden façade over time, we can accommodate some of the end-user expectations, perception, values and aesthetical preferences. The spatial variation of climate on a façade is large, and estimation of the weathering process and mould growth on outdoor exposed wood should be based on the actual surface climate rather than data from meteorological stations. A first version of a simulation model that aims to predict and visualize future aesthetical appearance of wooden façades has been developed. The model is based on existing mould growth models and on a new model for surface meteorological conditions that account for RH, temperature and UV. The on-set of mould growth on selected wood materials (pine, spruce, larch, oak, aspen, thermally treated pine) have been studied in 8 different controlled climate conditions, where two levels of surface condensation regimes have been mimicked to capture time-of-wetness. Wood samples in conditions with high RH (85%) and longest time-of-wetness had the earliest on-set of mould growth, and under these conditions temperature (25°C/10°C) had no significant impact. Generally aspen had the earliest on-set of mould growth and thermally treated pine the latest. Data on on-set of mould growth will be incorporated in the simulation model to enable a knowledge-based decision tool regarding design and material selection.
Forfattere
Marie Trydeman Knudsen John E. Hermansen Christel Cederberg Felix Herzog Jim Vale Philippe Jeanneret Jean-Pierre Sarthou Jürgen K. Friedel Katalin Balázs Wendy Fjellstad Max Kainz Sebastian Wolfrum Peter DennisSammendrag
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely used tool to assess environmental sustainability of products. The LCA should optimally cover the most important environmental impact categories such as climate change, eutrophication and biodiversity. However, impacts on biodiversity are seldom included in LCAs due to methodological limitations and lack of appropriate characterization factors. When assessing organic agricultural products the omission of biodiversity in LCA is problematic, because organic systems are characterized by higher species richness at field level compared to the conventional systems. Thus, there is a need for characterization factors to estimate land use impacts on biodiversity in life cycle assessment that are able to distinguish between organic and conventional agricultural land use that can be used to supplement and validate the few currently suggested characterization factors. Based on a unique dataset derived from field recording of plant species diversity in farmland across six European countries, the present study provides new midpoint occupation Characterization Factors (CF) expressing the Potentially Disappeared Fraction (PDF) to estimate land use impacts on biodiversity in the ‘Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest’ biome in Europe. The method is based on calculation of plant species on randomly selected test sites in the biome and enables the calculation of characterization factors that are sensitive to particular types of management. While species richness differs between countries, the calculated CFs are able to distinguish between different land use types (pastures (monocotyledons or mixed), arable land and hedges) and management practices (organic or conventional production systems) across countries. The new occupation CFs can be used to supplement or validate the few current CF's and can be applied in LCAs of agricultural products to assess land use impacts on species richness in the ‘Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest’ biome.