Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Sammendrag
In Norway there is an incomplete resource management of side products and residuals from the main primary sectors of agriculture, fish farming and fishery. For example is the theoretically hitherto unused energy content in animal manure estimated to approximately 2,5 TWh per year, while Norwegian fish farming annually emits about 40.000 ton nitrogen and 8400 ton phosphorous into the coastal environments. Furthermore, recycling of nutrients and energy from marine fish waste of approximately 3.2 million ton fish is still at its early stages. The incomplete resource management results in environmental, economically and social costs. Consequently, an optimisation of national nutrient and energy cycling is required to increase sustainability. The establishment of individual driven resource optimisation enterprises, e.g. local biogas reactors, are often challenging both logistically and financially, particularly at relatively remote sites. This paper presents an overall conceptual approach to optimize energy and nutrient cycling, due to a cooperatively and integrated resource management system on a regional scale in Steigen, Northern Norway.
Forfattere
M Vanoli S Jacob P Eccher Zerbini Eivind Vangdal A Torricelli L SpinelliSammendrag
In plum fruit with dark red or blue blush colour covering the whole fruit, the change in ground colour from green to yellow during maturation and ripening is masked. Hence, the maturity stage is difficult to judge. Time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy (TRS) has been used as a nondestructive method to assess changes in important internal quality factors in ‘Jubileum" plums (Prunus domestica L.). Absorption coefficients (μa) and scattering coefficients (μs) were measured at both 670 and 758 nm during 5 days of storage. The changes in soluble solids content, titratable acidity and firmness were as expected. No change in soluble solids content was observed, while the plums became less acid and softer during storage. The TRSmeasurements of plums indicated that TRS could give interesting information on internal quality factors in plums as the absorption at 670 nm was closely related to firmness, TA and TSS at the time of picking. Absorption at 758 nm was more closely related to the quality parameters after storage. The study did not indicate that scattering could be used in assessing maturity stage in plum.
Sammendrag
Haukeland Solveig and Sundbye Anette The slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is commercially available for slug control in many European countries and is mainly used in home gardens against the grey field slug Deroceras reticulatum. In some European countries it is used against the invasive slug pest Arion lusitanicus. The standard application method for using P. hermaphrodita is by surface application at a rate of 300 000 nematodes per square meter. Several studies have shown that A. lusitanicus individuals above 1 gram are not affected by P. hermaphrodita and field experiments indicate that this standard application method does not significantly reduce slug populations. Traditional molluscicides include an attractant, often wheat based packed around an active chemical ingredient. A slug baiting method, using P. hermaphrodita as the active ingredient, might be a better approach for biological control of slugs rather than surface application. We therefore decided to test the effect of P. hermaphrodita treated baits in laboratory and field studies. Laboratory experiments suggest this approach as promising, also against slugs above 1 gram. Results from ongoing field experiments will be presented and discussed.
Forfattere
J Pozdisek Britt I.F. Henriksen A Ponizil I Hunady Anne-Kristin LøesSammendrag
Controlled field trials with legume-cereal mixtures and monocultures were conducted on five organic farms in CR, to determine the suitability for feeding ruminants. Mixtures of 60 % peas to 40 % cereals (wheat and barley) were compared with peas, wheat, and barley monocultures. The obtained results are useful to assess how mixtures may be included in animal feed rations. For feeding beef cattle, it is most beneficial to harvest green matter in the BBCH 79 growth phase (green ripeness), which is characterized by a higher protein and energy content and a lower fiber content. Advantageous crop for beef cattle appeared to be the mixture with peas and barley, because the crude protein and NEL contents come the closest to the requirements for a balanced state between breakdown and synthesis in the rumen (CP 130 g kg-1, NEL 5.9 MJ kg-1 DM). The feed on organic farms, which may provide animals with good health, and potential to utilize their genetic capacity for growth and production.
Forfattere
L M M Tijskens S Jacob R E Schouten J P Fernandez-Trujillo N Dos-Santos Eivind Vangdal E Pagan A Perez PastorSammendrag
The water loss of individual fruit (melon, plum and mandarin) was analysed using the traditional diffusion based approach and a kinetic approach. Applying simple non linear regression, both approaches are the same, resulting in a quite acceptable analysis. However, by applying mixed effects non linear regression analysis, explicitly including the variation over the individuals, the kinetic approach was found to reflect the processes occurring during mass loss better than the diffusion approach. All the variation between the individuals in a batch could be attributed to the initial mass or size of the individuals. The fraction of the fruit mass that is available for transpiration is the key item in the water loss process, rather than the skin resistance and fruit area. Obtained explained parts are well over 99%.
Forfattere
Trygve S. Aamlid Bjørn Molteberg Lars Nesheim Trond Olav Pettersen Frank Enger Lasse Weiseth Åge Susort Jan TangsveenSammendrag
Norske fotballbaner har tradisjonelt blitt etablert med engrapp (Poa pratensis) som viktigste grasart, enten ved direkte såing eller legging av ferdiggras. Den største ulempen med engrapp er at den spirer og etablerer seg seint, noe som gjør at tunrapp (Poa annua) ofte kommer inn i etableringsfasen. Ved resåing har det derfor vært vanlig å bruke (flerårig) raigras (Lolium perenne), som etablerer seg raskere og er vel så slitesterkt, men mindre vinterherdig enn engrapp. Ved gjentatt resåing vil raigras utgjøre en større og større del av plantebestandet, og spørsmålet er derfor om vi kan spare penger ved å direkteså raigras allerede ved første gangs etablering av nye baner. Formålet med dette prosjektet er (1) å undersøke hvilken av etableringsmetodene "Ferdiggras av engrapp" eller "Direktesåing av raigras" som gir best banekvalitet ved nyetablering av fotballbaner i ulike landsdeler; og (2) å dokumentere tilslag, dekningsprosent og slitestyrke etter resåing med frøblandinger bestående av raigras eller forspirt engrapp enten like etter sesongavslutning om høsten (oktober), før sesongstart om våren (april) eller i fotballferien (månedsskiftet juni/juli). Fra og med 2009 har vi på en av lokalitetene også lagt til et delmål (3), nemlig å studere hvordan fotballbaner med ei grasmatte av engrapp eller raigras reagerer på ulike klippehøyde. Forsøk ble anlagt på Bioforsk Landvik (Grimstad), Apelsvoll (Østre Toten) og Kvithamar (Stjørdal) i juni 2008. Forsøksopplysinger og resultater fra etableringsåret er gitt i Bioforsk Rapport 4(24). Våren 2009 var raigraset på Kvithamar dødt, sannsynligvis på grunn av 2-3 måneders isdekke, og denne delen av forsøket måtte derfor reetableres. På Apelsvoll og Landvik var henholdsvis 73 og 9 % av raigraset angrepet av snømugg, men graset vokste denne skaden av seg i løpet av 1-2 måneder. Engrapp hadde praktisk talt ingen vinterskade på noen av forsøksstedene. Resåing i eksisterende plantedekke ble foretatt etter lufting, men før dressing. På Kvithamar kunne det ikke observeres spirende planter uansett resåingstid. På Apelsvoll og Landvik var det lite eller ikke noe tilslag etter resåing av engrapp, men bruktbart tilslag etter resåing av raigras, særlig som sommeren. Årsaker til dette kan være høy jordtemperatur, redusert konkurranse fra eksisterende plantedekke på grunn av daglige maksimumstemperaturer > 25 ºC, og rikelig med naturlig nedbør i dagene etter såing. På Landvik var andelen raigras i engrapp ved vekstavslutning i 2009 henholdsvis 3, 4 og 10 % etter resåing høsten 2008, våren 2009 og sommeren 2009. Sammenlikna med ordinær klipping med rotorklipper (30-35 mm) to ganger i uka førte klipping med sylinderklipper (15 mm) på de samme dagene til mer åpne flekker / bar jord i feltet på Landvik. Virkningen var størst ut over høsten, da det ble kjørt kraftig slitasje. I motsetning til hva vi hadde forventet ble det ikke påvist mer tunrapp eller dårligere rotutvikling etter en sesong med lav klipping. Spilleoverflaten på de direktesådde raigrasrutene var jamt over hardere og hadde større skjærfasthet (motstandsevne mot skliing) enn spilleoverflaten på engrapprutene. Feltene ble regelmessig utsatt for komprimering / slitasje fra en to-tromla slitasjemaskin med påmonterte fotballknotter og marktrykk som en voksen fotballspiller, og ferdiggraset fungerte da som en beskyttende støtpute som hindret overflaten fra å bli for hard. Til tross for mer filt hadde engrapprutene bedre infiltrasjonskapasitet enn de hardere raigrasrutene på Landvik og Kvithamar. På Apelsvoll var forholdet motsatt, sannsynligvis på grunn av mer dressing i forhold til veksthastighet og lavere innhold av organisk materiale i topplaget. Prosjektet fortsetter til og med vekstsesongen 2011. Så langt ser til ut til at nyetablering av fotball-baner med 100 % raigras ikke kan anbefales i Trøndelag, og sannsynligvis heller ikke i innlandsstrøk på Østlandet, selv om et legges opp til regelmessig resåing. Ved resåing av raigras i eksisterende plante-dekke ser det ut til at såing om sommeren gir bedre tilslag enn såing seint om høsten eller tidlig om våren. Resåping av engrapp i eksisterende plantedekke ser ut til å være bortkasta penger, iallfall på kort sikt.
Forfattere
Gedrime Kusliene Trond Olav Pettersen Tatsiana Espevig Trygve S. Aamlid Anne A. SteensohnSammendrag
High fertilizers rates, especially of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), are commonly used for turfgrass grow-in on sand-based soils. The United States Golf Association recommends preplant applications of up to 1.0 kg P and 0.5 kg N per 100 m2 followed by applications of up to 0.3 kg N/100 m2 every fifth day until plant cover is complete. Such high rates of N and P, given before roots have developed, incur a great risk for nutrient leaching. Irrigation several times per day to keep the seedbed constantly moist also contributes to this leaching potential. iSeed® is a seed coat patented by Yara International ASA and used for grass seed marketed by DLF Trifolium. The coat contains both fast-acting and slow-release fertilizers, in total 10% N and 2% P of coated seed weight. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of iSeed® on turf quality and nitrogen and phosphorus leaching during turfgrass grow-in on two sand-based rootzones. A two-factorial experiment was carried out in the field lysimeter facility at Bioforsk Øst Landvik, South East Norway (58o34"N, 8o52"E) from 22 June to 26 July 2010. The rootzone was maid up of either straight sand, SS, or Green Mix®, GM, (Høst AS, Grimstad Norway), the latter being SS amended with 20% (v/v) mature garden compost. The 2 m2 lysimeter plots were seeded with either iSeed® or uncoated seed of the same seed lot of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ‘Berlioz 1", the sowing rate in both cases corresponding to 20 g/m2 pure seed. Use of uncoated seed was combined with preplant applications of 4 g N (as calcium ammonium nitrate, 27% N) and 0.8 g P (as superphosphate, 8% P) per m2, i.e. the same amount of total nitrogen and phosphorus as in the iSeed® coating. One treatment included additional applications of 5 g N (as calcium nitrate, 15.5% N) and 1.0 g P (as superphosphate, 8% P) on day no. 10 and 21 after sowing. The experiment was irrigated heavily, especially during the first ten days after sowing. Observations were made over the 35 day period. The results revealed significant effects of rootzone composition (SS vs. GM) and/or seed type/additional fertilizer application on turfgrass ground cover, overall impression, colour, surface traction and root development. For all these characters, the GM rootzone showed significant benefits compared with the SS rootzone; however, total nitrogen leaching was 21 % higher and total phosphorus leaching 11 times higher from the GM than from the SS rootzone. Plots seeded with iSeed® usually performed slightly better than plots seeded with uncoated seed, but the visual effects were mostly insignificant and small compared to those of additional fertilizer applications on day no 10 and 21 after sowing. Use of iSeed® reduced nitrate and total nitrogen leaching by approximately 50% during the first 10 days after sowing, but caused no significant reduction during the following 25 days; these effects probably reflect the slow-release properties of 82% of the nitrogen contained in iSeed®. Leaching of phosphorus was not affected by either seed type or additional fertilizer application. Interactions between rootzone and seed type/additional fertilizer applications were mostly not significant. We conclude that iSeed® has the potential to reduce nitrogen leaching during turfgrass establishment on sand-based rootzones. However, as iSeed® does not eliminate the need for additional fertilizer inputs about two weeks after sowing, the environmental benefit seems to be of relatively short duration when growing in perennial ryegrass on athletic fields. The advantages of iSeed® may perhaps be more significant when growing in forage or amenity grasslands over a longer period and with less fertilizer inputs.
Forfattere
Minna MikkolaSammendrag
Public catering has long traditions in Finland both on the sectors of working life and education. The historical background through lengthy and extensive negotiations since the beginning of 20th century about the role of public catering in education has cemented the position of free and regulated school meals. However, this vision of democratic nutrition of the 20th century is contested by a renewed vision of ecological meals of the 21st century. As a notion, catering for sustainability catches the orientation for change.Today, the orientation for sustainable development within schools and the consecutive „greening of public catering‟ seems to proceed in Finnish schools. The cross-curricular theme of sustainable development breeds focus on local and organic food in education and catering. Environmental or sustainability certification of a school may introduce organic food into school catering. The caterers have interest in organic food too. They often prefer local and organic, even local organic food and may use a certification scheme to increase the visibility of their orientation. However, more often than not, organic food is not used as a visible staple in Finnish school catering.This research aimed at understanding the current situation in Finnish school catering and education for sustainable development (ESD) in ways enabling suggestions for development and increased use of organic food in school catering. This qualitative inquiry into the social dynamics of public catering and ESD was enabled by the co-operative educational institutes across educational levels and their rectors, teachers, caterers and young people, whose in-depth interviews and focus groups produced data about organic food in schools within the framing of sustainable development.According to this research, the caterers did exert social force for sustainability by expressing their professional identity for sustainability. This identity could convey both positive and negative features for caterers, depending on whether they received support from their management, organizational strategies or suppliers. The co-operation with their supply chains as well as switching into organic supply chains offered options for upgrading their catering activities. In this research, the use of organic milk as a staple was identified to have potential for catering for sustainability. A mediated dialogue was conducted with caterers about the quality of organic milk and its suitability to school catering. The barriers of the use of organic milk were not only economic, and an intermediate mediating strategy for sustainability was suggested for caterers in terms of the use of organic food. Furthermore, caterers were understood not to be only pleased about the organic message but it was seen to evoke critical response. This response was analysed and new ways of communication about organic food were suggested.Finnish ESD (education for sustainable development) in basic and general upper secondary education was reviewed and it was found to present ambitious aims through both disciplinary and cross-curricular themes. An entity within ESD, regarding food system and including organic food in particular, could be identified as an evolving topic of food education for sustainability (FES). There were committed teachers who made big efforts to promote it and who actually implemented the whole school approach for this aim. The young people also considered organic food as an embodiment of more sustainable food system, which, however, also raised extensive ambiguity in need of more detailed addressing. Furthermore, there were young people who expressed commitment mainly on ethical, animal welfare and health grounds for organic food. Young people also viewed organic quality as an ambiguous one and they demonstrated conditional commitment. A negative commitment by young people meant that they rather chose conventional food. Finally, suggestions for stakeholders in educational contexts included focus on FES and introduction of organic food through concerted efforts into the school catering for sustainability.
Sammendrag
The increased occurrence of Fusarium toxins during recent years in Norwegian cereals, especially deoxynivalenol (DON) in spring wheat and DON and T-2/HT-2 toxins in oats (see abstract by Hofgaard et al), is a serious challenge for the cereal industry and farmers. Contamination levels above regulatory or advisory maximum limits have frequently been detected. In Norway, many farmers bring their grain directly to the buyer at harvest, and, in a time and cost perspective, it is not realistic to test all grain lots for mycotoxin content by chemical analysis. In order to reduce the risk of cereal grain lots with unacceptable Fusarium toxin content entering the feed and food chain, a three-step screening strategy has been developed in close cooperation with the cereal industry. 1 Toxin risk (DON, T-2/HT-2) in cereal fields will be predicted by models based on information on climatic conditions and agronomic/cultivation practice (see abstract by Elen et al). 2 Grain from "high-risk" fields will be analysed for mycotoxins by a rapid "on-site" test method (lateral flow tests) before the grain enters the silo/storage/mill. 3 Samples from lots with toxin levels close to the defined maximum limits (based on analyses in step 2) can be forwarded to chemical analyses for precise decision of the mycotoxin concentrations.
Forfattere
Jens Rohloff Inger Martinussen Eivind Uleberg Olavi Junttila A Hohtola Laura Jaakola Hely HäggmanSammendrag
The fruit quality of European blueberry (EB) is mainly determined by taste compounds (sugars, acids, flavour) and health-beneficial structures generally denoted as antioxidants (vitamin C, phenolic acids, flavonols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins). Content and compound composition is strongly affected by the growth environment regarding light, temperature, water and edaphic factors. In order to assess genotypic relationships (northern and southern clones of EB) and environmental impact (temperature, day length) on berry quality parameters, a high-throughput system for blueberry metabolite profiling of nutritional compounds was established based on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Dried methanol/H2O extracts from fresh-frozen berry tissue were derivatized, and subjected to GC/MS in order to detect polar compounds such as organic acids from Krebs-cycle, amino acids, sugars, polyols, and partly secondary metabolites (phenols, flavonoids). In addition, general quality parameters such as total phenols, total anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) were measured. Fructose (5 g), glucose (5 g), and sucrose (0.5 g/ 100 g f.w. at average) were the most abundant carbohydrates, together with high levels of organic acids such as citric acid (1.3 g), quinic acid (1.6 g), and malic acid (0.3 g/ 100 g f.w. at average). More than 50 metabolites per sample (identified compounds and not-annotated mass spectral tags) could be detected, and established the basis for multivariate statistics using principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and metabolite network analysis. Genotypic differences, modulation of metabolite pools and biosynthetic relationships are being discussed in-depth