Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2003
Forfattere
Dag-Arne Eide Arve ArsteinSammendrag
To gjødslingar og to slåttar gjev større avling og betre fôrkvalitet enn same gjødselmengde brukt til ein slått. Tek ein omsyn til meirarbeid med to slåttar og meir haustbeite etter berre ein slått, er likevel begge driftsopplegga aktuelle avhengig av kor mykje beite- og slåtteareal den einskilde bonde har til rådvelde i høve til dyretalet. Dette er nokre av konklusjonane etter ein 3-årig forsøksserie forsøksringane i Sogn og Fjordane no har avslutta.
Forfattere
Arve Arstein Øyvind VatshelleSammendrag
Mildveret tidleg i mars har redusert eller fjerna isdekke fleire stader, men i indre strok av fylka ligg det framleis til dels tjukt isdekke. Det er såleis ikkje vanskeleg å forstå at ein er uroleg for vinterskadd eng til våren. Men røynsle frå ulike delar av landet viser at det godt kan gå bra. Lengda av isdekke betyr mykje.
Sammendrag
Biologisk mangfold, kulturminner og andre verdier i det tradisjonelle kulturlandskapet er ikke bare en verdifull arv, men også ressurser som kan legge grunnlag for nye arbeidsplasser og økt næringsutvikling i Norge. Verdiene ivaretas best gjennom et levende og multifunksjonelt landbruk som i tillegg til å produsere mat også produserer ulike former for opplevelser og får betalt for det. Gjengroing av landskapet fører til tap av biologisk mangfold, tap av nasjonal identitet og dårligere matvaresikkerhet.
Forfattere
Heidi Kitti Bruce Forbes Jari Oksanen Christian Uhlig Päivi SoppelaSammendrag
Research on reindeer pastures has mostly concentrated on lichen-dominated winter pastures, while summer pastures have gained less attention. We studied the effect of reindeer grazing on the quality of summer pastures in the Näkkälä reindeer herding district, northern Finland. The study plots on wetlands were established based on reindeer herders" knowledge and are situated on both sides of the border fence that was built between Finland and Norway in the late 1950"s. On the Finnish side the pastures are grazed both in summer and winter but in Norway only in winter. This has resulted in a natural long-term experimental design by which differently managed sites with ostensibly similar vegetation, soils and environmental conditions can be compared. The parameters studied were the composition, cover and structure of vegetation, peak season biomass and soil nutrient-content. In addition, minerals, nitrogen and digestibility of green leaf tissues from Eriophorum angustifolium and Salix lapponum were measured. These were prominent species in the habitats used by animals during summer. The leaves were collected both in the beginning and at the end of growing season. Vegetation composition, cover, structure and species frequencies were measured using standardized protocols and stratified random sampling methods. Biomass was studied by clipping the plants from the same quadrats after counting. Preliminary results indicate that Salix lapponum suffers from grazing. Plant cover, biomass and height of S. lapponum were significant lower on the Finnish side compared to the Norwegian side. While the amount of S. lapponum available as forage has clearly been reduced by long-term summer grazing under the recent stocking rates, ongoing analyses will determine whether or not forage quality has also been affected. In addition, fenced enclosures will illuminate the resilience of this important forage species.
Forfattere
Christian Uhlig Alexander Zink Timo KumpulaSammendrag
Mammalian herbivores generally influence their pastures significantly. However, detectable changes in pastures due to grazing activities are rather difficult to classify and their practical usability for herders are therefore generally low.The aim of this research was to create a general concept for field observations to estimate the state of reindeer pastures. Furthermore, the object was to compare obtained results with remote sensing data.
Forfattere
Christian Uhlig Melanie Christoph Rainer HornSammendrag
Winter damage of meadows is a serious problem for agriculture in Norway. Unfavorable physical conditions for plant survival include freezing, desiccation, and ice/ water cover. Excess of soil water, particularly in winter and spring, is regarded as one of the most im-portant factors causing heavy yield reduction and poor persistence. One of the major causes for the occurrence of seasonally waterlogged conditions in northern ecosystems is the development of a continuous frozen layer during the period of annual frost in the winter. During spring melting periods, the annual frost table gradually disappears and causes water from melting snow and thawing soil to accumulate in overlaying soil layers. Once the annual frost has dissipated, well-drained conditions may prevail. The present study investigated seasonal changes in soil redox potential and soil water chemistry at one culti-vated and one non-cultivated site at Alta, Northern Norway. Soils at both sites were con-sidered being comparable except for the present vegetation and land-use. The vegetation of the non-cultivated site, which was also the previous vegetation of the whole area before its cultivation started in 1930`s, was dominated by birches (Betula pubescens), while timothy (Phleum pratense) and smooth meadow-grass (Poa pratensis) dominated the cultivated site. At both sites platinum redox electrodes were permanently installed at 5, 10 and 25 cm depth. Furthermore, soil water samples were gained from permanently installed suction lysimeters from 5, 15 and 40 cm depth and analyzed for Fe. Redox potentials were gener-ally lowest during spring thaw in May and June at both sites. At 5 cm depth redox poten-tials below +330 mV, the theoretical boarder line for the existence of oxygen in soils, pre-vailed until the second week of June, thus about one month after the disappearance of the snow cover. During this period Fe soil water concentrations at 5 cm depth increased from 0.5 to about 1.5 mg/l at the non-cultivated site, and from 0.5 to 4.5 mg/l in the cultivated soil. Results indicate that seasonally waterlogged conditions in northern ecosystems can cause unfavorable conditions for root growth, and thus might reduce the length of the po-tential growing season.
Forfattere
Christian Uhlig Alexander ZinkSammendrag
Mammalian herbivores generally influence soil properties of pastures significantly. However, rather little is known about impacts of Arctic Ungulates. The aim of this investigation was to identify possible changes in chemical soil properties due to different reindeer management systems on Finnmarksvidda: a) year-around used pastures in Finland, and b) winter pastures in Norway. Both managing systems are permanently separated by a fence, which was established during the 1950`ies. Iron podzol was the dominant soil type at both sides and fruticose lichen dominated dwarf shrub tundra was the typical vegetation type. However, lichen, plant and humus cover could vary greatly within the landscape. It was supposed that these differences were due to differences in grazing intensity. Based on a literature survey and field observations we therefore distinguished between the following four succession/ degradation stages I) thick (> 4 cm) lichen cover; II) grazed/ thin lichen cover (< 4 cm), but good plant cover; III) fruticose lichen cover almost absent, reduced plant cover and patches with exposed humus; IV) lichen, plant and humus cover almost absent, patches with bare mineral soil. According to this classification a 3 km2 large area along the boarder fence between Finland and Norway was mapped via a grid of sampling points. To compare soil chemical properties between the different succession/ degradation stages and different management systems, corresponding soil samples were taken from O, E and B-horizons at both side of the fence. Soil chemical parameters determined were pH, soil organic carbon (org.-C), Kjeldahl-N, C/N, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, and total and plant available P, Ca, Mg, K. During the presentation first results are presented with emphasis on potential impacts of reindeers on tundra ecosystems in general, and differences in pasture management in particular.
Forfattere
Christian Uhlig Alexander ZinkSammendrag
Mammalian herbivores generally influence soil properties of pastures significantly. However, rather little is known about impacts of Arctic Ungulates. The aim of this investigation was to identify possible changes in chemical soil properties due to different reindeer management systems on Finnmarksvidda: a) year-around used pastures in Finland, and b) winter pastures in Norway. Both managing systems are permanently separated by a fence, which was established during the 1950`ies. Iron podzol was the dominant soil type at both sides and fruticose lichen dominated dwarf shrub tundra was the typical vegetation type. However, lichen, plant and humus cover could vary greatly within the landscape. It was supposed that these differences were due to differences in grazing intensity. Based on a literature survey and field observations we therefore distinguished between the following four succession/ degradation stages I) thick (> 4 cm) lichen cover; II) grazed/ thin lichen cover (< 4 cm), but good plant cover; III) fruticose lichen cover almost absent, reduced plant cover and patches with exposed humus; IV) lichen, plant and humus cover almost absent, patches with bare mineral soil. According to this classification a 3 km2 large area along the boarder fence between Finland and Norway was mapped via a grid of sampling points. To compare soil chemical properties between the different succession/ degradation stages and different management systems, corresponding soil samples were taken from O, E and B-horizons at both side of the fence. Soil chemical parameters determined were pH, soil organic carbon (org.-C), Kjeldahl-N, C/N, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, and total and plant available P, Ca, Mg, K. During the presentation first results are presented with emphasis on potential impacts of reindeers on tundra ecosystems in general, and differences in pasture management in particular.
Forfattere
Siri Grønnerød Siri Fjellheim Michael W. Hunmphreys Liv Ostrem Peter H. Canter Zanina Grieg Øyvind Jørgensen Arild Larsen Odd Arne RognliSammendrag
Introgresjonslinjer frå amfiploid Lolium perenne x Festuca pratensis cv. Prior er frysetesta og analysert v.hj.a. AFLP markørar og GISH for å knytta molekylære markørar til Festuca-segment overførde til Lolium. Overvintringsevne og frosttoleranse er kvantitative karakterar som er styrde av gen på ulike kromosom. AFLP markørar knytt til ulike kromosomdelar kan kombinerast for å selektera utvalde genotypar gjennom introgresjon. AFLP markørar som oftast vart funne i plantene med høgast frosttolerande og fråverande i planter med låg frosttoleranse, vart assosiert med overvintringsevne og med funn av introgresjonar frå Festuca. Desse markørane kan vera nyttige i markørassistert foredlingsprogram.
Forfattere
Christian Uhlig Olavi Junttila Marja-Liisa SutinenSammendrag
The purpose of the present study was to determine frost hardiness in different tissues of E. nigrum and V. myrtillus, and to test the impact of long-term heavy metal pollution on frost hardiness of these species. Above-ground shoots of both dwarf shrubs were collected in early winter along pollution gradients from Cu-Ni smelters in SW Finland and NW Russia, and stored under dark conditions at - 5 °C. Frost hardiness (LT50) was estimated in different plant tissues monthly over a 6-month period. The results showed no changes of frost hardiness in either E. nigrum or V. myrtillus during storage. In both species, different tissues exhibited different degrees of frost hardiness. Results from chemical analysis of plant material showed that levels of Cu in shoots of both species increased up to 10-fold towards the smelters. Frost hardiness in vascular tissue of Empetrum decreased by about 5 °C, and that of Vaccinium by about 2 °C, towards the smelter in SW Finland, while no changes could be observed at the more highly contaminated sites in NW Russia. The results suggest that long-term heavy metal pollution has no direct significant impact on frost hardiness in either E. nigrum or V. myrtillus.