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2001

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Sammendrag

This report presents the greater part of the scholarly contributions at the NJFseminar No. 313, titled “The Food Sector in Transition – Nordic Research”. The seminar was held at June 14th–15th 2000 in Oslo. The following working group within NJF (Section IX, Agricultural Economics) was responsible for planning and organizing: - Illka Laurila (Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Finland) - Jerker Nilsson (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences) - Søren Büchmann Petersen (Danske Andelsselskaber) - Øystein Strøm (Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute). The overall purpose of the seminar was to debate vital driving forces behind the current changes in the Nordic food sectors such as new regulatory regimes, new competitors, new consumer trends and the rise of dominating retail chains. What challenges do such changes pose for the Nordic food industries? The theoretical point of departure was the ongoing redirection of research focus within agricultural economics from the free competition paradigm towards game theory, principalagent theory and transaction cost economics. More specifically, the following issues were debated during the seminar: - Strategic issues for the Nordic agricultural cooperatives, with a bent towards the significance of agency problems. - Entrepreneurship and organizational change - Brands, private labels and willingness to pay - Vertical coordination - Margins and consumer prices - Regulation and deregulation - Efficiency in agricultural sectors.

Sammendrag

Epiphytic lichen vegetation on birch stems was studied in the border areas between Norway and Russia. The area is heavily influenced by sulphur dioxide pollution emitted from Russian nickel smelters.Hypogymnia physodes and Melanelia olivacea were the two most abundant lichen species on birch stems in the investigated area. However, the coverage of H. physodes and M. olivacea was clearly reduced in parts of the investigated area. The lichen vegetation increased with increasing distance from the pollution source, i.e. from a lichen desert to normal background levels. A different pattern of occurrence of the two lichen species was observed.

Sammendrag

Here we describe the detection, developmental accumulation and cellular location of the putative plant defensin SPI1 (spruce pathogen induced 1), in the gymnosperm Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.], using specific antibodies. Contrary to what has been found in angiosperms, it was not detected in the embryo or other parts of the seed, but accumulated during root development. The protein was detected by immunolocalization along the cell membrane of cells forming the root cortex. Furthermore, a significant accumulation of the SPI1 protein was detected in roots during the first day of infection with the fungal pathogen Heterobasidium annosum, but not in response to the pathogens Pythium dimorphum or Ceratocystis polonica

Sammendrag

I 1999 og 2000 ble virkningen på forekomsten av Fusarium av soppmidler, vekstregulatorer og N-gjødsling undersøkt i fire feltforsøk. Det var ingen effekt av vekstregulatorer. I 2000 førte både  økt N-gjødsling og soppsprøyting til en økning av forekomsten av Fusarium. En kombinasjon av to faktorene økte mengden av Fusarium utover det hver av behandlingene bidro med enkeltvis.

Sammendrag

The activity of Thricoderma harzianum in the spermosphere and rhizosphere of different plant species was studied by use of a GUS transformant strain (T3a). Germination of conidia  and mycelial growth were not supported by excudates from healthy roots of various ages. Instead , growth and activity of T. harzianum depended on access to dead organic substrates. On the basis of our observations, we suggest that the biocontrol ability of T. harzianum involves competition with the pathogen for substrates including seed coat, and wounded or infected root tissue

Sammendrag

Two chitininolytic enzyme encoding genes i.e. ech42 and nag1 from Trichoderma atrovirude (harzianum) strain P1 have been introduced into barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv Golden Promise using the biolistic transformation method. The aleurone-specific promoter, Ltp2 from barley and CaMV 35S promoter with enhancer (2x35S) were used to control the expression of desired genes to obtain both tissue-specifical and constitutive expression. Four gene constructs, the ech42 and nag1 genes regulated by the two promoters Ltp2 and 2x35S, were constructed. For selection, plasmid pDM803 containing the bar gene was co-transformed with the gene-containing constructs. Both PCR and southern blot analyses were conducted to screen the regenerated plants. Four transgenic T0 lines were identified from the 11 experiments performed. Two of the 4 lines produced were Ltp2/ech 42/nosT transformants while the remaining 2 line were 2X35S/ech42/35ST and 2X35S/nag1/35ST transformants respectively. Relative transgene copy number was estimated using TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR assay. Study on the inheritance of the transgenes in T1 progeny revealed a Mendelian 3:1 segregation pattern in 2 of the 7 transgenic barley progenies indicating the transgene was integrated in one single locus and transmitted to T1 generation in the 2 transformants. Abnormal morphology was also observed among the transfoemants.