Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2005
Sammendrag
Fosforbindingsegenskapene til de to filtermaterialene Filtralite-PTM og Fosen skjellsand er blitt sammenlignet i et pilotskala-anlegg. Anlegget bestod av to kar i plexiglass (3m x 0,8m x 0,29m), ett for hvert materiale. De to karene ble tilført en kunstig P-løsning (6 mg P l-1) i 18 måneder. Fosforkonsentrasjonen i innløp, utløp og i grunnvannsrør jevnt fordelt i karene ble målt igjennom hele forsøksperioden. Mengden akkumulert total P (TP) ble målt i prøver fra filtermaterialet ved forsøkets slutt. Resultatene viser at TP i første del av karet var mye høyere for Filtralite-PTM enn for Fosen skjellsand, henholdsvis 4000 og 330 mg P kg-1. Dette tilsvarer 2000 og 330 g P m-3 filtermateriale. I begge karene sank konsentrasjonen av TP mot utløpet. De første 0,9 m av karet med Fosen skjellsand var mettet med P, mens bare 0,3 m av karet med Filtralite-PTM var mettet. Resultatene viser også at for å beregne en realistisk levetid for et filteranlegg, må en gjennomsnittelig bindingskapasitet (basert på målinger av TP i materi-alprøver fra hele anlegget) brukes. Dette fordi bare materialet i de fremre deler av et anlegg vil ha oppnådd maksimal bindingskapasitet når utløpskonsentrasjonen er høyere enn kravet (ofte satt til 1 mg P l-1). En slik gjennomsnittlig bindingskapasitet bør baseres på målinger av TP i materiale fra et anlegg der utløpskonsentrasjonen nettopp har nådd 1 mg P l-
Sammendrag
The suitability of shell sand as a P sorbent has been tested both with laboratory batch experiments as well as in a sub-surface flow (SSF) meso-scale constructed sand filter treating municipal wastewater from a single household. The batch experiments suggest that retention of P in shell sand occurs both as sorption and precipitation. The soil-water ratio was found to be a crucial parameter when performing laboratory batch experiments. The maximum retention capacity was about 8000 and 800 mg P kg-1 sand, and the Kd was 33.7 and 82.9 L kg-1 for soil-water ratios of 5 g "75 mL and 50 g " 50 mL, re-spectively. The average total accumulated P concentration in samples from the SSF sand filter was 335 mg P kg-1. The Kd value based on [PO43-] and accumulated concentration of inorganic P in the SSF filter was 89.8 L kg-1. Thus the batch experiments overestimated the retention capacity of shell sand in real sand filter systems, however, a ratio of 50-50 gave a more reasonable estimate than a ratio of 5-75. The Kd value from batch samples with a ratio of 50-50 also gave a good estimate of the Kd value in the constructed sand filter. Ca-P was found to be the predominant form of P mineral in samples col-lected from the SSF sand filter. Some Al-P, loosely bounded P and occluded P were also present in the sand.
Sammendrag
Laboratory incubations with varying O2 and NO3 concentrations were performed with a range of filter materials used in constructed wetlands (CWs). The study included material sampled from functioning CWs as well as raw materials subjected to laboratory pre-incubation. 15N-tracer techniques were used to assess the rates of denitrification versus dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and the relative role of nitrification versus denitrification in producing N2O. The N2O/(N2+N2O) product ratio was assessed for the different materials. Sand, shell sand, and peat sustained high rates of denitrification. Raw light weight aggregates (LWA) had a very low rate, while in LWA sampled from a functioning CW, the rate was similar to the one found in the other materials. The N2O/(N2+N2O) ratio was very low for sand, shell sand and LWA from functioning CWs, but very high for raw LWA. The ratio was intermediate but variable for peat. The N2O produced by nitrification accounted for a significant percentage of the N2O accumulated during the incubation, but was dependent on the initial oxygen concentration. DNRA was significant only for shell sand taken from a functioning CW, suggesting that the establishment of active DNRA is a slower process than the establishment of a denitrifying flora.
Sammendrag
Hydraulics of subsurface flow filters (SSF) was studied by measurement of soil hydraulic conductivity (K) variation and performing tracer tests in two SSF filters consisting of 1-4 mm Ca rich sand (shell sand). Soil samples were carefully taken at several locations in Filter I. A tracer experiment was conducted in the undisturbed Filter II using KI. The measured K variability in Filter I was used to analyze the variations in tracer breakthrough. The spatial distribution of K was obtained by fitting a variogram to observed data and interpolation using Kriging. The tracer residence probability density function (PDF) was determined by modelling the tracer movement with a 3-D groundwater model. The observed and simulated tracer arrival was compared for cases with constant K, constant K and dispersion (D), and for spatially variable K and dispersion. The results show that groundwater models were well suited to simulate solute movement in the SSF system studied. An almost perfect fit to observed tracer PDF was obtained when variable K and dispersion was included in the model. This indicates that information on K variability and dispersion is important for studying solute movement in SSF constructed wetlands.
Sammendrag
Controlled experiments were carried out in a meso-scale sub-surface flow constructed sand filter treating municipal wastewater from a single household. The system consisted of a 50 cm high vertical flow column (pre-filter) with unsaturated flow and a 3 m long horizontal sub-surface flow unit (main filter) with saturated flow. Fluxes of nitrogen and carbon were analysed in four different operating conditions (low and high loading, with and without the pre-filter unit). Water samples were taken from the inlet, the outlet and within the sand filter at different depths and locations and analysed for water quality (Tot N, NO3-N, NH4-N, TOC, DOC, CODcr, BOD5, SS, pH and EC) and dissolved gas content (N2O, CH4 and CO2). Emissions of N2O, CH4 and CO2 were measured with the closed-chamber technique adjacent to water quality sampling points. The results show that pre-filtering in a vertical, unsaturated flow column changed the incoming ammonium to nitrate during low loading. During high loading part of the ammonium nitrified in the pre-filter was lost by denitrification. Within the horizontal main filter there were two pathways for the incoming nitrate: denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA).
Sammendrag
Julestjerne dyrkes ved temperaturer ned til 15ºC, noe som kan være et problem ved bruk av nytteorganismer. Vi har utført forsøk for å undersøke effekten av forskjellige utslippsmetoder av snyltevepsen Encarsia formosa og rovtegen Macrolophus caliginosus ved vanlig klimaprogram i julestjerne. Resultater viser at snylteveps og rovteger er effektive mot bomullsmellus dersom de slippes ut tidlig og det brukes relativt høye doser. Bomullsmellusa må bekjempes i løpet av de første ukene etter innpotting, før temperaturen senkes til 18ºC, for da er ikke nytteorganismene lenger så effektive.
Forfattere
Trygve S. Aamlid Hans Martin Hanslin Bjørn Molteberg Odd Andersen Erling Stubhaug Åge Susort Anne A. Steensohn Frank EngerSammendrag
The effect of various fertilizers and biostimulant on turfgrass establishment, tiller density, colour, overall quality (= visual merit), disease occurrence, thatch accumulation, and root development was evaluated on a new USGA green, a new sand-based football field, and a two year old USGA green at three locations in SE Norway in 2005. Within each trial, all treatments were adjusted to the same total nitrogen rate (2.5, 3.0 and 1.75 kg N/100 m2 on the new golf green, new football field and existing golf green, respectively), but application intervals and total inputs of other nutrients varied according to the recommendations of the fertilizer companies participating in the project. Fertilizer programmes consisting of the inorganic products Arena® (small granules), Fullgjødsel®, and a combination of the two, always applied at biweekly intervals, were used as control treatments on the two year old golf green, the new football field, and the new golf green, respectively. On the new USGA green at Landvik, incorporation of the 100% organic product Sustane or the partly organic product Turf Food into the seedbed before sowing significantly increased turfgrass establishment rate compared to the control treatment. The higher N availability of these treatments, and of a treatment receiving the organic, but easily decomposable product Gro-Power®, was further verified by soil samples taken during grow-in. However, on average for the establishment year and given the longer application intervals, Sustane, Turf Food, the partly organic product Bio Kombi and the seaweed-based products Golf Algin S / Algin Food S, all resulted in quality, tiller density and colour ratings significantly lower than in the control treatment. This was the case also for the liquid fertilizer Flex" which was applied at the same frequency as the control. The effects of adding the seaweed product Maxicrop" to the control treatment, or adding of the mycorrhiza product Endo Roots to the Turf Food treatment, were also not significant. The only treatment that caused an overall impression slightly better than the control was the substitution of some of the Arena® with Gro-Power®, but even this difference was not significant. In late autumn, plots receiving organic fertilizers and biostimulants tended to be more infected by Pythium spp. and Microdichium nivale than the control treatment. On the new football field at Særheim, the mostly organic product ProGreen resulted in faster grow-in than Golf Algin S / Golf Algin Food and Fullgjødsel®, which , in turn, caused faster establishment than Flex". Differences during summer were not significant, but in autumn turfgrass colour and overall quality tended to be better on plots receiving Flex" or the combination of ProGreen and the biostimulant Activo 3-3-6 than on control plots receiving Fullgjødsel®. On the two year old USGA green at Apelsvoll, the colour and overall quality of the Flex" treatment tended to be inferior to the control treatment throughout the growing season. While a double application of the biostimulant GoGreen 2-0-10 + Fe caused a significant improvement in turfgrass colour in autumn, the highest overall quality was usually recorded on plots receiving ammoniumsulfate plus Arena® Høst. The project will continue for another evaluation year. Given that the total nitrogen remain the same in all treatments, participating companies will be allowed to make minor adjustments in the way their products are used in the experiments.
Forfattere
Lars Henrik Kristiansen Dordi Kjersti Mogstad Paul Shimmings Arne FollestadSammendrag
Evaluering av forvaltningsplaner for gås i Norge basert på en større spørreundersøkelse av berørte gårdbrukere. Videre en gjennomgang av ulike tiltak som er gjennomført for å redusere konflikten mellom gås og landbruk, herunder både forebyggende tiltak og jakt. Beskrivelse av status mht lokale forvaltningsplaner for de ulike gåseartene i forskjellige fylker og kommuner i hele landet.
Forfattere
Svein EilertsenSammendrag
Taksering av elgbeitene i området Sørnes etter metoden overvåkningstakst våren 2005 viste at elgens diett i hovedsak bestod av rogn, osp, selje, vier, bjørk og einer. Rogn, osp og selje utgjør 76 % av den årlige beiteproduksjonen i området. Takseringen viste at 75 % av den årlige kvistproduksjonen av artene rogn, osp og selje har blitt beitet sist vinter. Dette betyr at for disse artene har beitingen vært så hard at det på lang sikt går ut over den årlige beiteproduksjonen. Vinterstammen av elg bør ikke økes utover dagens nivå.
Forfattere
Trygve MegårdSammendrag
Konsekvensutredning vegetasjon og flora for planlagt kraftlinjetrasè i Rødøy kommune i Nordland