Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Tao Zhao Paal Krokene Niklas Björklund Bo Långström Halvor Solheim Erik Christiansen Anna-Karin Borg-KarlsonSammendrag
Constitutive and inducible terpene production is involved in conifer resistance against bark beetles and their associated fungi. In this study 72 Norway spruce (Picea abies) were randomly assigned to methyl jasmonate (MJ) application, inoculation with the bluestain fungus Ceratocystis polonica, or no-treatment control. We investigated terpene levels in the stem bark of the trees before treatment, 30 days and one year after treatment using GC–MS and two-dimensional GC (2D-GC) with a chiral column, and monitored landing and attack rates of the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, on the trees by sticky traps and visual inspection. Thirty days after fungal inoculation the absolute amount and relative proportion of (+)-3-carene, sabinene, and terpinolene increased and (+)-α-pinene decreased. Spraying the stems with MJ tended to generally increase the concentration of most major terpenes with minor alteration to their relative proportions, but significant increases were only observed for (−)-β-pinene and (−)-limonene. Fungal inoculation significantly increased the enantiomeric ratio of (−)-α-pinene and (−)-limonene 1 month after treatment, whereas MJ only increased that of (−)-limonene. One year after treatment, both MJ and fungal inoculation increased the concentration of most terpenes relative to undisturbed control trees, with significant changes in (−)-β-pinene, (−)-β-phellandrene and some other compounds. Terpene levels did not change in untreated stem sections after treatment, and chemical induction by MJ and C. polonica thus seemed to be restricted to the treated stem section. The enantiomeric ratio of (−)-α-pinene was significantly higher and the relative proportions of (−)-limonene were significantly lower in trees that were attractive to bark beetles compared to unattractive trees. One month after fungal inoculation, the total amount of diterpenes was significantly higher in putative resistant trees with shorter lesion lengths than in putative susceptible trees with longer lesions. Thus, terpene composition in the stem bark may be related to resistance of Norway spruce against I. typographus and C. polonica.
Forfattere
Anne-Kristin LøesSammendrag
The schooldays of European children and youth tend to get longer, and their eating patterns, especially during school hours, are often unsatisfactory. Healthy school food is a logic response to this situation. Organic food contributes to sustainable nutrition, and hence is an interesting starting point for healthier menus and food education. The research project “innovative PublicOrganic food Procurement for Youth” (iPOPY) studies efficient ways to implement organic food in public serving outlets for young people. Out of the four iPOPY funding countries, Finland and Italy serve a warm school meal daily for all pupils, whereas Denmark and Norway rely on packed lunch from home. Italy and Denmark have ambitious goals for organic food in schools, whereasFinland and Norway have not (yet). In Germany, different states have very different school meal systems, but the interest for organic food is generally high. We argue that school food served in “captive catering” such as found in Finland, financed by the public and made by organic or otherwise sustainable products, has the largest potential to support a sustainable nutrition and - development.
Sammendrag
The Lange Bramke catchment has been investigated as a monitored catchment for 60 years. However, its utilization history even dates back to medieval times, and is well documented in part. The intense interplay between ore mining, forestry, and water resources exploitation left remains such as scoriae piles and modified forest growth, e.g. due to local pollution at smelter locations. It is demonstrated that considering local land use history is important for a proper understanding and interpretation of modern monitoring data. A theoretical framework is proposed for the integration of the two data sources. This requires a joint approach combining two modelling paradigms, the functional one dominating in current ecosystem research, and an interactive one which best characterizes the human–environment relationship in historic times.
Forfattere
Arne Grønlund Sissel HansenSammendrag
The agricultural sector contributes about 9 % of the officially reported GHG emissions in Norway, and about 13 % when the estimated CO2 losses from peat and arable soils are included. N2O, CH4 and CO2 make up comparable amounts of the emissions. N2O emissions are estimated at 2.1 million tonnes (Mt) CO2 equivalents, originating in fertilizers in soil, livestock manure, runoff, N fixation, residual crops, NH3 in precipitation, and mineralisation of organic soils. CH4 emissions are calculated at 2.2 Mt CO2 equivalents, of which 85 % originates in enteric fermentation of ruminants and 15 % in farmyard manure. CO2 emissions are estimated at 2.7 Mt CO2 equivalents, and include degradation of organic soils (1.8 Mt), C loss from mineral arable soils (0.5 Mt) and fossil fuel combustion (0.4 Mt). The estimates for N2O and CO2 from soils are very uncertain.
Forfattere
Signe Nybø Gregoire Certain Olav Skarpaas Jarle W. Bjerke Erik Framstad Markus Lindholm Jan-Erik Nilsen Ann Norderhaug Eivind Oug Hans Christian Pedersen Ann Kristin Schartau Ken Olaf Storaunet Gro Ingleid van der Meeren Iulie Aslaksen Steinar Engen Per Arild GarnåsjordetSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
AR18×18 is an area frame survey of land resources in Norway, methodologically linked to the Lucas survey carried out by Eurostat (Eurostat 2003). The purpose of the survey is to establish an unbiased and accurate land cover and land use statistic providing a description of the state of land resources in Norway. The survey will also provide a baseline for future reports regarding changes in land resources – a national land resource accounting system. AR18×18 is based on Lucas (Land use/cover agricultural survey), a European area frame survey carried out in the EU countries by Eurostat. The sampling units of Lucas are points located on the intersections of an 18 × 18 kilometer grid mesh throughout Europe. Each of these points is the centre of a Primary Statistical Unit (PSU) of 1500 × 600 meters. The Lucas survey is carried out on ten sample points scattered within each PSU. The Norwegian modification of Lucas is to add a land cover survey of the whole PSU following the Norwegian system for vegetation and land cover mapping at intermediate scale (1: 20,000). [...]
Sammendrag
Organic fields are often assumed to have fewer pests and more beneficials than conventionally managed fields. We monitored 12 Norwegian strawberry fields, 6 organic and 6 conventional fields, by sampling leaves twice a year in 2002 and 2003. Young folded leaflets were visually inspected for eggs and adult females of strawberry mite (Phytonemus pallidus fragariae), and mature leaves were used for extraction of mobile stages of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). The spider mites were examined for infection of the mite-pathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana. Predatory mites (Phytoseiidae) were recorded on both leaf types, and the females mounted and identified. We also sampled leaves from selected plants in the boundary vegetation of most fields to look for sources of T. urticae, phytoseiids and N. floridana. Soil was sampled from each field, to study the natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes. All samples were taken 0-13 metres from the border vegetation. Both pest mites tended to be more abundant in conventional than in organic fields, while the number of phytoseiid mites was very low in both growing systems. Nevertheless, three phytoseiid species were recorded for the first time in Norway: Amblyseius rademacheri Dosse, Neoseiulus kodryensis (Kolodochka) and Neoseiulus reductus (Wainstein). N. floridana infection found in T. urticae females varied from 0-19%, and was higher in 2002 than in 2003. The fungus was recorded at least once in all 12 fields, and there was no consistent difference between the two growing systems. In 2002 there was a significant negative correlation between % T. urticae with N. floridana hyphal bodies found in the first sampling and the number of T. urticae present in the second sampling about 4 weeks later. Beneficial nematodes (mostly Steinernema) tended to occur in more of the organic than of the conventional soil samples. To sum up, both pests (T. urticae and P. pallidus) and one of the beneficial groups (entomopathogenic nematodes) seemed to conform to the expected difference between organic and conventional fields. There are many possible mechanisms related to the differences in pesticide and fertilization regimes that could lead to such a pattern. For the two remaining beneficials (N. floridana and Phytoseiidae) we could not find a consistent correlation between abundance and growing system.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
It is well known that farming practices, soil type, topography and climatological conditions are important factors in nutrient loss generation from agricultural dominated catchment. Also catchment scale might play an important role in nutrient loss processes. Artificial drainage of agricultural land can lead to an increase in nutrient loss, however, its magnitude is very much influenced by the soil type and drainage system. An analysis has been carried out on measured runoff in catchment of varying size in Latvia, Estonia and Norway, the results of which were presented at the NHC
Sammendrag
It is well known that farming practices, soil type, topography and climatological conditions are important factors in nutrient loss generation from agricultural dominated catchment. Catchments having a large contribution of groundwater runoff in the total runoff, in general had lower nitrogen losses. Other studies have shown that longer residence times in the Baltic catchments partly could explain the lower nitrogen loss compared to Norwegian catchments. Also catchment scale might play an important role in nutrient loss processes. Artificial drainage of agricultural land can lead to an increase in nitrate-nitrogen runoff.