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2010

Sammendrag

The production of hydrogen in green algae is catalyzed by FeFe- hydrogenases, which have high conversion efficiency and high oxygen sensitivity. Most green algae analyzed to date where hydrogenase genes are detected, have been shown to contain two distinct hydrogenases. However, very little is known about which functions the two different enzymes represent. There are also many unknowns within the mechanisms behind hydrogen production as to the roles hydrogenases play under different conditions, and consequently also about the potential for optimization of a hydrogen production process which could be found in this respect. The presented study focuses on the possibility for presence of more than two hydrogenases in a single green alga. A large number of degenerate primers were designed and used to produce 3"-RACE products, which in turn were used to design gene specific primers used for PCR and 5"-RACE reactions. The sequences were aligned with known algal hydrogenases to identify products which had homology to these. Products where homology was identified were then explored further. A high number of clones from each band were sequenced to identify products with similar lengths which would not show up as separate bands on a gel. Sequences found to have homology with algal hydrogenases were translated into putative amino acid sequences and analyzed further to obtain detailed information about the presence of specific amino acids with known functions in the enzyme. This information was used to evaluate the likelihood of these transcripts coding for true hydrogenases, versus hydrogenase-like or narf-like proteins. Conclusion: Evidence showing that Chlamydomonas noctigama is able to transcribe three genes which share a significant number of characteristics with other known algal FeFe-hydrogenases is presented . The three genes have been annotated hydA1, hydA2 and hydA3.

Sammendrag

A literature review shows that more than 500 organic and metallic compounds have been reported occurring in wetlands, and also that wetlands are suitable for removing pollutants. There are, however, obvious pitfalls for treatment wetlands, the most important being the maintenance of the hydraulic capacity and controlling the detention time. Treatment wetlands should have an adapted design to target specific compounds. Aquatic plants and soils are suitable for wastewater treatment because they have a high capacity of removing nutrients and other substances through uptake, sorption and microbiological degradation. The heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb were found to exceed limit values in water. Also these studies revealed high values of phenol and SO4. No samples showed concentrations in sediments exceeding limit values, but fish samples showed concentrations of Hg exceeding the limit for fish sold in the EU. The main route of heavy metal uptake in aquatic plants was through the roots in the case of emergent and surface floating plants, whereas in submerged plants roots as well as leaves take part in removing heavy metals and nutrients. Submerged rooted plants have potential from water as well as sediments, where as rootless plants extracted metals rapidly only from water. Caution is due about the use of SSF CWs for the treatment of metal-contaminated industrial wastewater as metals are shifted to another environmental compartment and moreover stable redox conditions are required to ensure long-term efficiency. Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals and since wetlands have been shown to be a source of methylmercury. Methyl Hg concentrations are typically approximately 15% of Hgt. In wetland water samples, PAH, bisphenol A, BTEX, hydrocarbons including diesel range organics, glycol, DDT, PCB, cyanide, benzene, chlorophenols and formaldehyde were found to exceed limit values. In sediments only PAH and PCB were found exceeding limit values. In the water phase the pesticides found above limit values were atrazine, simazine, terbutylazine, metolachlor, mecoprop, endosulfan, chlorfenvinphos and diuron. There are few listings of these compounds in the commonly used water quality limit values, except for some well-known endocrine disrupters such as nonylphenol, phtalates etc. The performance of extensive household wastewater treatment systems of removing pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are similar to that obtained in conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants

Sammendrag

Styrt beitedrift ved bruk av inngjerding kan være en løsning for å unngå store tap til rovvilt. Det er imidlertid en oppfatning at denne driftsformen kan være en utfordring med hensyn til dyrevelferd, helse og kjøttproduksjon. Bioforsk Nord Tjøtta startet opp et treårig prosjekt sommeren 2008 for å kartlegge beitekapasitet og velferds- og produksjonsparametre i utvalgte sauebesetninger i Nord-Trøndelag som benytter denne driftsformen. I løpet av tre-års perioden er det kartlagt åtte sauebesetninger med tilhørende fem beiteområder i Indre Namdal. To av besetningene ble kartlagt både i 2008 og 2010 for å se på evt. endringer i beitekapasitet og smittebelastning i beiteområdene. Målet med prosjektet er å finne en god balanse mellom arealgrunnlag og dyretall ved hjelp av estimering av beitekapasitet og velferdsvurdering av sauene for å sikre god dyrevelferd og tilfredsstillende kjøttproduksjon på inngjerdete beitearealer. Prosjektet viser at det er mulig å oppnå tilfredsstillende dyrevelferd og produksjonsresultater på inngjerdet beite, men at det kreves en del oppfølging av dyrene i beitesesongen, spesielt med hensyn til parasittproblematikk og beitetilgang.

Sammendrag

For å bedre kalvens velferd i økologiske melkebesetninger er det utarbeidet et system for velferdsplanlegging på besetningsnivå retta mot kalv. Dette prøves nå ut på økologiske melkeproduksjonsbruk. Opplegget innebærer en vurdering av status for kalvevelferd i besetningen, en tiltaksplan for de viktigste forbedringer, og oppfølging med evaluering.

Sammendrag

Møteleder Johannes Deelstra for fagtreff orgsanisert av Norsk Vannforening Tema for dagen var; Grøftesystemer en snarvei for næringsstoffer og jordpartikler, hvordan håndterer vi dette i RDV/planleggingen av tiltak? Norsk landbruk trenger grøftesystemer for å kunne produsere mat. Grøftene sørger for optimale fuktforhold i rotsonen gjennom vekstsesongen, og gjør det mulig å kunne starte tidlig med våronna og dessuten foreta høsting under gunstige fuktighetsforhold i jorda. Grøftesystemer reduserer også overflateavrenning og dermed erosjon. Samtidig er grøftesystemer også en betydelig transportvei for næringsstoffer og jordpartikler til bekker, elver, innsjøer og til slutt havet. Fagtreffet vil ta opp fordeler og ulemper med grøftesystemer i forhold til avlinger og transport av forurensninger. Hvorfor og hvordan transporten skjer og mulige tiltaksløsninger i henhold til Rammedirektivet for vann

Sammendrag

This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the effects of hydrology onnutrient and soil loss in catchments located in Norway, Estonia and Latvia.