Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2019
Forfattere
Bjørn ØklandSammendrag
The populations sizes of Ips typographus in Norway have been monitored since the last big outbreak period in the 1970s. By now the monitoring programme includes about 500 pheromone-baited trap records for each of the last 40 years. Normally, Ips typographus has been the only species of major concern in northern bark beetle outbreaks, and trapping records have served as a warning when the over-wintering population sizes are large. In contrast to Central Europe, the regional trend in northwest is that rainy weather tend to slow down the bark beetle populations in many years, whereas stormfelling episodes of spruces, snowbreaks and warm and dry seasons in certain years favour Ips typographus and other bark beetle species. Recent observations indicate that other less aggressive bark beetle species may play a more important role during severe drought periods that follow rainful seasons with low production of Ips typographus. It is likely that an increased frequency of extreme weather events may have unexpected effects on what bark beetles become abundant during the course of the outbreaks. Furthermore, the warm years seem to be especially favourable for the Ips typographus at the northernmost latitudes. In addition, a new bark beetle species for Scandinavia, Ips amitinus, is expanding its range and may become a participant in future bark beetle outbreaks in this region.
Sammendrag
Mediterranean climate areas are home to highly relevant and distinctive agro-ecosystems, where sustainability is threatened by water scarcity and continuous loss of soil organic carbon. In these systems, recycling strategies to close the loop between crop production (and agrorelated industries) and soil conservation are of special interest in the current context of climate change mitigation. Pyrolysis represents a recycling option for the production of energy and biochar, a carbonaceous product with a wide range of environmental and agronomic applications. Considering that biochar functionality depends on both the original biomass and the pyrolysis conditions, we produced and characterized 22 biochars in order to evaluate their potential to sequester C and modify soil physicochemical properties. The pore size distribution was a function of the original biomass and did not change with the temperature of pyrolysis. The highest number of pores within the size 0.2−30 μm, relevant for plant available water retention, was reached at 600 °C. However, ideal pyrolysis conditions to optimize C stability and hydrologic properties was reached at 400 °C in woody derived biochars, as higher temperatures lead to a nontransient hydrophobicity. This study highlights relevant physicochemical properties of locally derived biochars that can be used to tackle specific challenges in Mediterranean agroecosystems.
Sammendrag
In many areas where spring is wet, fungicides are applied in relation to rain events that trigger ejection of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, which cause primary infections of apple scab. Past studies established the rate of ejection during rain in relation to light and temperature, and determined the wetting time required for infection. Simulation software uses this information to calculate risk and help time sprays accordingly. However, the distribution of the infection time required by a population of spores landed on leaves was never studied, and assumptions were used. To estimate this, we inoculated ascospores of V. inaequalis on potted trees at different temperatures for specific wetting times. Lesions were enumerated after incubation. Lesions increased with wetness time and leveled off once the slowest spores infected the host, closely matching the monomolecular model. Wetness hours were best adjusted for temperature using the Yin equation. The minimum infection time on the youngest leaves was about 5 h, matching results from previous studies, whereas half the lesions appeared after 7 h of infection. Infection times for leaves with ontogenic resistance were longer. Our results improve current software estimates and may improve spraying decisions.
Sammendrag
This article describes the first implementation of green treatment technology for wastewater from agritourism facilities in Romania. The general concept was based on the principles of a nature-based treatment system (NBTS) developed, tested and successfully operated in cold climate in Norway. Two NBTSs, each constituting a three-element system equipped with a septic tank, a pre-treatment section and a filter/wetland bed, were constructed and set in full operation in Mara and Vadu Izei villages (Maramures County, Northern Romania, Carpathian Mountains). Both systems revealed sufficient adaptation to wastewater treatment during the first year of operation. The highest removal rates of BOD5, CODCr, Ntot and Ptot reached 93–97%, 94–98%, 97–98% and 98–99%, respectively. In addition, these parameters did not exceed their permitted values in effluents discharged to water bodies. Both systems demonstrate integrated measures of ecological engineering implemented as “treatment gardens” perfectly suited to the tourist facilities, rural surroundings and cultural landscape of the region.
Sammendrag
Norway has a political goal to minimize the loss of cultural heritage due to removal, destruction or decay. On behalf of the national Directorate for Cultural Heritage, we have developed methods to monitor Cultural Heritage Environments. The complementary set of methods includes (1) landscape mapping through interpretation of aerial photographs, including field control of the map data, (2) qualitative and quantitative initial and repeat landscape photography, (3) field recording of cultural heritage objects including preparatory analysis of public statistical data, and (4) recording of stakeholder attitudes, perceptions and opinions. We applied these methods for the first time to the historical clustered farm settlement of Havrå in Hordaland County, West Norway. The methods are documented in a handbook and can be applied as a toolbox, where different monitoring methods or frequency of repeat recording may be selected, dependent on local situations, e.g., on the landscape character of the area in focus.
Forfattere
Eric Post Eva Beyen Pernille Sporon Bøving R. Conor Higgins Christian John Jeff Kerby Christian Pedersen David A. WattsSammendrag
We report an observation of a flightless fledgling Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus, 1758)) at a long-term study site near Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, in late July 2018. Based on our observations of longspur nests at the site dating back to 1993, we estimate that the fledgling observed in 2018 may have originated from a nest initiated 12–37 d later than nesting in previous years. Onset of spring in 2018 was late, but comparable with other years in which longspur nests were observed a full calendar month earlier than in 2018. An analysis including multiple candidate predictor variables revealed a strong negative association between estimated longspur nest initiation dates and mean May temperature, as well as a weaker association with the length of the annual period of vegetation green up at the site. Given the limitations of our data, however, we are unable to assign causality to the 2018 observation, and cannot rule out other possibilities, such as that it may have resulted from a second clutch.
Sammendrag
Det ble sommeren 2017 og 2018 gjennomført et artleggingsprogram for å undersøke om plantemateriale av jordbær som var nylig importert, kunne være infisert av virus. Det ble tatt ut stikkprøver i jordbærfeltene hos utvalgte bærprodusenter som hadde baser sin produksjon på importerte planter, i 2017 til sammen 150 prøver fra 20 bruk i fylkene Hedmark, Oppland, Vestfold, Buskerud, Agder, Rogaland og Sogn og Fjordane. I 2018 ble det tatt ut 156 prøver fra 14 bruk i fylkene Østfold, Akershus, Møre og Romsdal og Trøndelag. Disse prøvene ble testet for fire bladlusoverførte virus som er relativt vanlige i Europa, men ikke i Norden: jordbær-nervebåndvirus (strawberry vein banding virus, SVBV), jordbær-mildmosaikkvirus (strawberry mottle virus, SMoV), jordbær-bladgulningvirus (strawberry mild yellow edge virus, SMYEV) og jordbær-bladkrøllevirus (strawberry crinkle virus, SCV). Det ble i 2017 påvist virus i prøver fra tre lokaliteter: SCV ble funnet på tre steder, mens SMYEV ble funnet på ett sted i en prøve som hadde dobbeltinfeksjon med SMYEV og SCV. Prøvene hadde ikke synlige symptomer. I 2018 ble det blant 156 prøver påvist virus i én prøve – det var SVBV i en prøve av ‘Sonata’ i Akershus. Denne prøven hadde heller ikke synlige symptomer.
Forfattere
Ljiljana Keca M. Marceta Gregor Bozic Sanja Peric Ivaylo Tsvetkov Kjell Andreassen A. Stijovic D. Mandzukovski Brane Zlokapa Valeriu Norocel NicolescuSammendrag
The prospects and challenges for non-native tree species (NNTS) in Southeast Europe (SEE) were analyzed using a combination of SWOT Analysis and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Preference data from three groups of opinion leaders with extensive knowledge of the silviculture, ecology and impact of climate change on NNTS in SEE (researchers, practitioners and decision-makers) were used. Results revealed that strengths and opportunities for all three analyzed elements outweigh their weaknesses and threats. In the review of silviculture, key strengths and opportunities were identified as high p roductivity, adaptation to afforestation of degraded lands, gap filling in forest ecosystems after the loss of native tree species, and higher volume growth of NNTS compared to native tree species. Strength-Opportunity (SO) elements related to climate change were found to be adaptive management responsiveness to climate change and increased length of growing period, possibility of better-adapted mixtures with NNTS under climate change, and replacement of tree species that are sensitive to pests and outbreaks resulting from climate change. These results provide important insights into different segments of strategy approach of sustainable management of NNTS in relation to management, silviculture and climate change practices in SEE.
Forfattere
Anna Palme Heli Fitzgerald Jens Weibull Kristina Bjureke Kaija Eisto Dag Terje Filip Endresen Jenny Hagenblad Marko Hyvärinen Elina Kiviharju Birgitte Lund Morten Rasmussen Hjörtur ÞorbjörnssonSammendrag
The report summarizes results from a cooperation among all the Nordic countries during the period 2015 – 2019 (two projects). The work has focused on the conservation of Crop Wild Relatives (CWR), i.e. wild plant species closely related to crops. They are of special importance to humanity since traits of potential value for food security and climate change adaptation can be transferred from CWR into crops. The projects represent the first joint action on the Nordic level regarding in situ conservation of CWR. Substantial progress has been made regarding CWR conservation planning, including development of a Nordic CWR checklist and identification of suitable sites for CWR conservation. A set of recommended future actions was developed, with the most important one being initiation of active in situ conservation of CWR in all Nordic countries.
Sammendrag
Bipolar surface EMG (sEMG) signals of the trapezius muscles bilaterally were recorded continuously with a frequency of 800 Hz during full-shift field-work by a four-channel portable data logger. After recordings of 60 forest machine operators in Finland, Norway and Sweden, we discovered erroneous data. In short of any available procedure to handle these data, a method was developed to automatically discard erroneous data in the raw data reading files (Discarding Erroneous EPOchs (DESEPO) method. The DESEPO method automatically identifies, discards and adjusts the use of signal disturbances in order to achieve the best possible data use. An epoch is a 0.1 s period of raw sEMG signals and makes the basis for the RMS calculations. If erroneous signals constitute more than 30% of the epoch signals, this classifies for discharge of the present epoch. Non-valid epochs have been discarded, as well as all the subsequent epochs. The valid data for further analyses using the automatic detection resulted in an increase of acceptable data from an average of 2.15–6.5 h per day. The combination of long-term full-shift recordings and automatic data reduction procedures made it possible to use large amount of data otherwise discarded for further analyses.