Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2020
Forfattere
Grete StokstadSammendrag
Rapporten dokumenterer innsamlede data fra overvåkingsprogrammet 3Q for Norge. Det er samlet inn data om jordbruksareal i drift, og hvilke arealtyper som ligger rundt jordbruksarealet i en 100 meter bred buffersone. Rapporten presenterer også arealendringer. Videre er det rapportert forekomst og endringer av ulike elementer i jordbrukslandskapet. Dette er elementer som kan ha betydning for biologisk mangfold, tilgjengelighet og muligheten for effektiv bruk av arealene. Blant annet beregnes jordstykkestørrelse og endringer i jordstykkestørrelse. Eksempler på elementer som registreres er trerekker langs vei, åkerholmer, stier og dammer, men det registreres også bygninger og høyspentmaster innen jordbruksarealet og i området rundt jordbruksarealet.
Forfattere
Grete StokstadSammendrag
Rapporten dokumenterer innsamlede data fra overvåkingsprogrammet 3Q for Trøndelag. Det er samlet inn data om jordbruksareal i drift, og hvilke arealtyper som ligger rundt jordbruksarealet i en 100 meter bred buffersone. Rapporten presenterer også arealendringer. Videre er det rapportert forekomst og endringer av ulike elementer i jordbrukslandskapet. Dette er elementer som kan ha betydning for biologisk mangfold, tilgjengelighet og muligheten for effektiv bruk av arealene. Blant annet beregnes jordstykkestørrelse og endringer i jordstykkestørrelse. Eksempler på elementer som registreres er trerekker langs vei, åkerholmer, stier og dammer, men det registreres også bygninger og høyspentmaster innen jordbruksarealet og i området rundt jordbruksarealet.
Forfattere
Grete StokstadSammendrag
Rapporten dokumenterer innsamlede data fra overvåkingsprogrammet 3Q for Vestfold og Telemark. Det er samlet inn data om jordbruksareal i drift, og hvilke arealtyper som ligger rundt jordbruksarealet i en 100 meter bred buffersone. Rapporten presenterer også arealendringer. Videre er det rapportert forekomst og endringer av ulike elementer i jordbrukslandskapet. Dette er elementer som kan ha betydning for biologisk mangfold, tilgjengelighet og muligheten for effektiv bruk av arealene. Blant annet beregnes jordstykkestørrelse og endringer i jordstykkestørrelse. Eksempler på elementer som registreres er trerekker langs vei, åkerholmer, stier og dammer, men det registreres også bygninger og høyspentmaster innen jordbruksarealet og i området rundt jordbruksarealet.
Forfattere
Marius HauglinSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Abdelhameed Elameen Cornelya Klutsch Ida Marie Luna Fløystad Geir Kjølberg Knudsen Marco Tasin Snorre Hagen Hans Geir EikenSammendrag
Knowledge about population genetic structure and dispersal capabilities is important for the development of targeted management strategies for agricultural pest species. The apple fruit moth, Argyresthia conjugella (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae), is a pre-dispersal seed predator. Larvae feed on rowanberries (Sorbus aucuparia), and when rowanberry seed production is low (i.e., inter-masting), the moth switches from laying eggs in rowanberries to apples (Malus domestica), resulting in devastating losses in apple crops. Using genetic methods, we investigated if this small moth expresses any local genetic structure, or alternatively if gene flow may be high within the Scandinavian Peninsula (~850.000 km2, 55o - 69o N). Genetic diversity was found to be high (n = 669, mean He = 0.71). For three out of ten tetranucleotide STRs, we detected heterozygote deficiency caused by null alleles, but tests showed little impact on the overall results. Genetic differentiation between the 28 sampling locations was very low (average FST = 0.016, P < 0.000). Surprisingly, we found that all individuals could be assigned to one of two non-geographic genetic clusters, and that a third, geographic cluster was found to be associated with 30% of the sampling locations, with weak but significant signals of isolation-by-distance. Conclusively, our findings suggest wind-aided dispersal and spatial synchrony of both sexes of the apple fruit moth over large areas and across very different climatic zones. We speculate that the species may recently have had two separate genetic origins caused by a genetic bottleneck after inter-masting, followed by rapid dispersal and homogenization of the gene pool across the landscape. We suggest further investigations of spatial genetic similarities and differences of the apple fruit moth at larger geographical scales, through life-stages, across inter-masting, and during attacks by the parasitoid wasp (Microgaster politus).
Forfattere
Erik J. M. Koenen Dario Isidro Ojeda Alayon Royce Steeves Jérémy Migliore Freek T. Bakker Jan J. Wieringa Catherine Kidner Olivier J. Hardy R. Toby Pennington Anne Bruneau Colin E. HughesSammendrag
Phylogenomics is increasingly used to infer deep‐branching relationships while revealing the complexity of evolutionary processes such as incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization/introgression and polyploidization. We investigate the deep‐branching relationships among subfamilies of the Leguminosae (or Fabaceae), the third largest angiosperm family. Despite their ecological and economic importance, a robust phylogenetic framework for legumes based on genome‐scale sequence data is lacking. We generated alignments of 72 chloroplast genes and 7621 homologous nuclear‐encoded proteins, for 157 and 76 taxa, respectively. We analysed these with maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and a multispecies coalescent summary method, and evaluated support for alternative topologies across gene trees. We resolve the deepest divergences in the legume phylogeny despite lack of phylogenetic signal across all chloroplast genes and the majority of nuclear genes. Strongly supported conflict in the remainder of nuclear genes is suggestive of incomplete lineage sorting. All six subfamilies originated nearly simultaneously, suggesting that the prevailing view of some subfamilies as ‘basal’ or ‘early‐diverging’ with respect to others should be abandoned, which has important implications for understanding the evolution of legume diversity and traits. Our study highlights the limits of phylogenetic resolution in relation to rapid successive speciation.
Forfattere
Constantin M. Zohner Lidong Mo Susanne S. Renner Jens-Christian Svenning Yann Vitasse Blas Manuel Benito De Pando Alejandro Ordonez Frederik Baumgarten Jean-François Bastin Veronica Sebald Peter B. Reich Jingjing Liang Gert-Jan Nabuurs Sergio de-Miguel Giorgio Alberti Clara Antón Fernández Radomir Balazy Urs-Beat Brändli Han Y. H. Chen Chelsea Chisholm Emil Cienciala Selvadurai Dayanandan Tom M. Fayle Lorenzo Frizzera Damiano Gianelle Andrzej M. Jagodzinski Bogdan Jaroszewicz Tommaso Jucker Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas Mohammed Latif Khan Hyun Seok Kim Henn Korjus Vivian Kvist Johannsen Diana Laarmann Mait Lang Tomasz Zawila-Niedzwiecki Pascal A. Niklaus Alain Paquette Hans Pretzsch Purabi Saikia Peter Schall Vladimír Šebeň Miroslav Svoboda Elena Tikhonova Helder Viana Chunyu Zhang Xiuhai Zhao Thomas W. CrowtherSammendrag
Late-spring frosts (LSFs) affect the performance of plants and animals across the world’s temperate and boreal zones, but despite their ecological and economic impact on agriculture and forestry, the geographic distribution and evolutionary impact of these frost events are poorly understood. Here, we analyze LSFs between 1959 and 2017 and the resistance strategies of Northern Hemisphere woody species to infer trees’ adaptations for minimizing frost damage to their leaves and to forecast forest vulnerability under the ongoing changes in frost frequencies. Trait values on leaf-out and leaf-freezing resistance come from up to 1,500 temperate and boreal woody species cultivated in common gardens. We find that areas in which LSFs are common, such as eastern North America, harbor tree species with cautious (late-leafing) leaf-out strategies. Areas in which LSFs used to be unlikely, such as broad-leaved forests and shrublands in Europe and Asia, instead harbor opportunistic tree species (quickly reacting to warming air temperatures). LSFs in the latter regions are currently increasing, and given species’ innate resistance strategies, we estimate that ∼35% of the European and ∼26% of the Asian temperate forest area, but only ∼10% of the North American, will experience increasing late-frost damage in the future. Our findings reveal region-specific changes in the spring-frost risk that can inform decision-making in land management, forestry, agriculture, and insurance policy.
Sammendrag
Foreliggende rapport er utarbeidet av NIBIO og Civitas på oppdrag for Klima- og miljødepartementet. Oppdraget har vært å beskrive status og barrierer for bruk av lavutslippsmaterialer i byggebransjen i dag, samt mulige tiltak og virkemidler for å øke bruken av slike materialer. Med lavutslippsmaterialer forstås her materialer som gir lave klimagassutslipp. Hva menes med lavutslippsmaterialer og hvordan beregne utslippene? Innledningsvis gjennomgås tilgjengelige beregningsverktøy, standardiserte beregningsmetoder og aktuelle innfallsvinkler for beregning av livsløpsbaserte klimagassutslipp fra materialer, fra henholdsvis sammensatte produkter, bygningsdeler og fra hele bygninger....
Forfattere
Greeley BeckSammendrag
Research Highlights: Polyesterification of wood with sorbitol and citric acid (SCA) increases decay resistance against brown-rot and white-rot fungi without reducing cell wall moisture content but the SCA polymer is susceptible to hydrolysis. Background and Objectives: SCA polyesterification is a low-cost, bio-based chemical wood modification system with potential for commercialisation. Materials and Methods: This study investigates moisture-related properties and decay resistance in SCA-modified wood. Scots pine sapwood was polyesterified at 140 ◦C with various SCA solution concentrations ranging from 14–56% w/w. Dimensional stability was assessed and leachates were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chemical changes were characterized with attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and spectra were quantitatively compared with peak ratios. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LFNMR) relaxometry was used to assess water saturated samples and decay resistance was determined with a modified EN113 test. Results: Anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) ranged from 23–43% and decreased at higher weight percentage gains (WPG). Reduced ASE at higher WPG resulted from increased water saturated volumes for higher treatment levels. HPLC analysis of leachates showed detectable citric acid levels even after an EN84 leaching procedure. ATR-FTIR analysis indicated increased ester content in the SCA-modified samples and decreased hydroxyl content compared to controls. Cell wall water assessed by non-freezing moisture content determined with LFNMR was found to increase because of the modification. SCA-modified samples resisted brown-rot and white-rot decay, with a potential decay threshold of 50% WPG. Sterile reference samples incubated without fungi revealed substantial mass loss due to leaching of the samples in a high humidity environment. The susceptibility of the SCA polymer to hydrolysis was confirmed by analysing the sorption behaviour of the pure polymer in a dynamic vapour sorption apparatus. Conclusions: SCA wood modification is an effective means for imparting decay resistance but, using the curing parameters in the current study, prolonged low-level leaching due to hydrolysis of the SCA polymer remains a problem.
Forfattere
Taru Sandén Heide Spiegel Hannah Tabea Wenng Michael Schwarz Judith M. SarneelSammendrag
The decay of organic material—litter decomposition—is a critical process for life on Earth and an essential part of the global carbon cycle. Yet, this basic process remains unknown to many citizens. The Tea Bag Index (TBI) measures decomposition in a standardized, measurable, achievable, climate-relevant, and time-relevant way by burying commercial tea bags in soil for three months and calculating proxies to characterize the decomposition process (expressed as decomposition rate (k) and stabilization factor (S)). We measured TBI at 8 cm soil depth with the help of school and farm citizen scientists in 2015 in Sweden and in 2016 in Austria. Questionnaires to the participating schools and farms enabled us to capture lessons learned from this participatory data collection. In total >5500 citizen scientists participated in the mass experiments, and approximately 50% of the tea bags sent out yielded successful results that fell well within previously reported ranges. The average decomposition rates (k) ranged from 0.008 to 0.012 g d−1 in Sweden and from 0.012 to 0.015 g d−1 in Austria. Stabilization factors (S) were up to four times higher in Sweden than Austria. Taking part in a global experiment was a great incentive for participants, and in future experiments the citizen scientists and TBI would benefit from having enhanced communication between the researchers and participants about the results gained.