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Publikasjoner

NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.

2008

Sammendrag

Most fungicide applications targeting apple scab aim to control primary infections caused by ascospores and spraying is thereby linked to ascospore availability. We investigated the effect of pre bud break climatic conditions on seasonal patterns of ascospore release. Apple leaves bearing pseudothecia of Venturia inaequalis were overwintered at orchard sites in 8 countries for up to 3 years. Leaf samples were collected 2 to 5 weeks before bud break and again at bud break, air dried, and sent via airmail to Norway. The samples were stored at -18 ºC upon arrival until tested. Disks cut from each replicate leaf sample were incubated moist at 20 ºC to allow ascospore maturation but prevent discharge. Matured ascospores were induced to discharge twice a week and enumerated until the supply was exhausted. The proportion of ascospores ejected was fitted against degree day accumulation using logistic regression. The regression intercept (onset maturation), slope (maturation rate), as well as the absolute number of spores counted differed significantly (P < 0.001, P = 0.05, P < 0.001 respectively) among sites and sampling dates. There was a significant interaction between site and sampling date, indicating that climatic conditions prior to bud break differentially impacted the subsequent ascospore availability. Observed differences could perhaps be used to further refine previously described models of ascospore maturity.

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Sammendrag

Økningen i barkbillebestandene siden 2002 fortsetter. Alle fylker unntatt ett viser oppgang i 2008; og noen fylker på Østlandet har nær en fordobling fra fjoråret. Økningen settes i sammenheng med de varme somrene, hvor spesielt fluktsesongen i 2008 har hatt gitt gode betingelser for barkbillebestandene. På Østlandet var fellefangstene flere steder så høye at masseangrep på stående skog kunne ha funnet sted om det samtidig hadde vært langvarig tørke og omfattende vindfellinger. I Trøndelag og Nordland, som aldri har hatt barkbilleutbrudd, har det vært en betydelig økning siden 2002. Bestandene er fortsatt for lave for masseutbrudd i denne landsdelen, men mulighetene for utbrudd øker om klimaendringer gir vesentlig høyere temperatur i fremtiden. Det anbefales å overvåke skogen for nye angrep og å vurdere om driftsapparatet er tilstrekkelig til å raskt få ut angrepne trær ved en eventuell masseformering av granbarkbillene i fremtiden.

Sammendrag

Bitterrote på søtkirsebær er rapportert frå Sveits, Ungarn og Norge. Det er lite publisert kunnskap om sjukdomen på søtkirsebær. Artikkelen gjev eit oversyn over arbeid gjort i Noreg.

Sammendrag

Colletotrichum acutatum is the causal agent of anthracnose/bitter rot in cherry and apple in Norway. It is the most important fruit decay in sour cherry in the country and may give severe losses also in sweet cherry and apple. Single spore isolates frequently develops the ascigerous stage of the fungus (Glomerella acutata) in culture, but it has not yet been detected on apple or cherry plant material. We thus anticipate that the predominant inoculum source is conidia (formed in acervuli). The fungus overwinters in old infected fruits and fruit stalks, in bud shells and in wood of cherry and apple. Infected flowers and leaves may serve as additional inoculum for fruit infections during the growing season. If still attached to the tree, fruits and fruit stalks of sour cherry infected the previous year may produce inoculum of C. acutatum throughout the entire following season. Up to 80% of the fruit spurs on sweet cherry may have buds infected with C. acutatum in spring. Apple buds may also contain the fungus. More than 90% of the sweet cherry leaves may contain C. acutatum around harvest in heavily infected orchards. The entire leaf surface may be infected, but visible infections never appear. We frequently also find such asymptomatic leaf infections in apples. Most of the inoculum seems to be present on the fruit trees themselves. However, initial inoculum in newly planted, disease free plantings may come from older fruit trees, ornamentals and weeds in or in close vicinity to the orchards.

Sammendrag

Det er funne ein klår samanhang mellom når epla er hausta og kor mykje rote som utviklar seg på lager for økologisk dyrka eple. Rett haustetid kan difor vera eit tiltak for å unngå roitning på lager.