Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2012
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Abstract: This paper reviews several studies of earthworms in agricultural soils in Norway. Crops and management significantly influence the earthworm fauna. Beneficial impacts of earthworms on plant growth are likely, but challenging to prove. Earthworm casts contain high amounts of extractable plant nutrients, which probably contribute to plant nutrient uptake. Geophagous (soil-eating) species such as Aporrectodea caliginosa and A.rosea dominate the earthworm fauna in our arable soils1. Lumbricus terrestris is also present and was found also in all-arable crop rotations with annual ploughing2. In southern Norway, L. rubellus and A. longa are also common. Earthworm populations, recorded in autumn, vary between 30 and 350 individuals m-2, with the lowest values found in all-arable systems2. The inclusion of leys in the crop rotation increases the abundance of channels, earthworm numbers and their biomass2. Since most earthworms prefer living in the upper soil layer, shallow ploughing (15 cm depth) might be expected to be detrimental. However we found that the number and biomass of earthworms was not lower with shallow than with deep ploughing (25 cm)1. In a study, green manure management affected the biomass, species and number of earthworms3. More worms were found in plots where the green manure was left on the field, compared with where it was removed. L. rubellus responded positively and rapidly to mulching, and so did A.caliginosa in clay soil. The use of biogas slurry from green manure in one season gave no effect on number and biomass of earthworms3. Long-term use of solid animal manure positively influenced some earthworm parameters, even three years after the last application1, compared to mineral fertilizer. Utilizing animal manure to produce biogas may reduce fossil fuel usage and emissions of greenhouse gases. However, there is limited information on how the recycling of digested manure as a fertilizer affects soil fertility in the long run. Reduced recycling of carbon to the soil, may harm soil fauna, including earthworms. In a newly started project on the organic research farm at Tingvoll, Norway, anaerobically digested manure is compared with undigested slurry in perennial ley and arable crops. Effects on crop yields, soil fauna, microbial communities, soil structure, organic matter and nutrient concentrations are being measured. Initial studies showed that several earthworm species were present (A.caliginosa, A.rosea, L.terrestris, L.rubellus, Octolasion cyaneum). Earthworm casts (excrements) from the detritivorous species L. terrestris (that feeds on plant residues) have been shown to be richer in nutrients than bulk soil, but little was known previously about the casts of geophagous species (that ingest mostly soil). Casts from two soil depths (13 and 25 cm) were collected by means of litter bags, to study whether such casts also contained more plant available nutrients than the bulk soil. A.caliginosa and A.rosea were the dominant species in these fields. The casts had considerably higher concentrations of plant nutrients than the bulk soil. The content of total-N was 28 % higher in casts, total-C was 37% higher, the contents of available P and K were 40-60%, whilst those of Ca and Mg were 10-20 % higher. On average for the two sites, these differences corresponded to the following amounts (kg ha-1 y-1): 5.6 for P, 8.9 for K, 5.3 for Mg, 144 for N and 2542 for C. With earthworm densities such as those found in farming systems incl. ley and animal manure (ca. 230 individuals m-2), about 220 tonnes of topsoil per hectare passes through the earthworm digestive tract each year. Our study indicated that earthworm casts are valuable sources of plant nutrients even in soils where the fauna is dominated by geophagous species.
Sammendrag
Rapporten omfatter følgende problemstillinger: 1) Beregning av totale halmavlinger, 2) Halmbehov til fôr og strø/talle, og 3) Konsekvenser av halmfjerning for bærekraftig produksjon. Totale halmmengder ble evaluert ut fra tidligere undersøkelser og ved målinger i nye arts- og sortsforsøk med korn i ulike distrikt og på ulik jord. I eldre forsøk var halmavlingene hos vårkornartene like store eller større enn kornavlingene. Seinere forsøk har vist lavere forholdstall mellom halm og korn for bygg og hvete enn i havre. En undersøkelse av sortenes alder viste at forholdstallet (halm:korn) har avtatt lineært over det siste århundret, mens strålengden har blitt redusert mest i sortene foredlet de siste 50 årene.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Rapport – Reversing organic matter decline in Norwegian arable soils - a challenging task
Hugh Riley
Forfattere
Hugh RileySammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Matthias KoeslingSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Grete H. M. JørgensenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Grete H. M. JørgensenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of increasing the number of ewes per nipple drinker on water intake, feed intake and drinking behaviour of ewes. A group of 30 1¾ year old, pregnant ewes of the Norwegian Dala breed were exposed to three treatments, each treatment lasting one week: 7.5 ewes per nipple drinker (N7.5: four nipple drinkers), 15 ewes per nipple drinker (N15: two nipple drinkers) and 30 ewes peer nipple drinker (N30: one nipple drinker). The experiment was performed both in January (week 4–6, replicate 1) and replicated in April (week 13–15, replicate 2). The ewes were kept in insulated building and had free access to good quality hay. Water metres were connected to the pipeline for water supply and water wastage was collected and weighed. In addition, the daily intake of hay was recorded and the ewes were video recorded the three last days of each experimental period. Total drinking time per individual was calculated from observations of drinking behaviour from the video, as were also incidents of queuing and displacements. Both water and feed intake was higher in replicate 2 than in replicate 1. Increasing the number of individuals per nipple drinker had no effect on water intake in replicate 1, whereas in replicate 2 the water intake was (mean±SE) 3.5±0.3; 4.2±0.1 and 4.9±0.1 l/ewe and day in the treatments N7.5, N15 and N30, respectively (P<0.05). Regardless of replicate, the time spent drinking increased significantly when number of ewes per nipple drinker increased. Queuing was not affected by increasing the number of ewes per nipple drinker. In replicate 1 the number of displacements increased significantly when the number of individuals per nipple drinker increased (N7.5=7.6±1.7; N15=15.0±4.2 and N30=36.7±5.2; P<0.05) and the same trend could be seen in replicate 2, although not significant. In conclusion, one nipple drinker with an acceptable flow rate can serve up to 30 ewes without negatively affecting water and feed intake