Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Sammendrag
Infiltrasjon er den foretrukne metode for behandling av avløp i spredt bebyggelse dersom forholdene ligger til rette. Før bygging av infiltrasjonsanlegg er det nødvendig å utføre tilfredsstillende grunnundersøkelser. Grunnundersøkelser skal derfor gjennomføres før det foretas valg av teknologi dersom det ikke er opplagt at infiltrasjon er uegnet. Plan for gjennomføring av grunnundersøkelser deles opp i forundersøkelse, områdebefaring og detaljundersøkelser. Undersøkelsene skal gi svar på grunnens: infiltrasjonskapasitet hydraulisk kapasitet egenskaper som rensemedium Den kunnskap og data som fremkommer skal gi svar på om infiltrasjon er en egnet metode og hvordan anlegget skal bygges. Rapporten supplerer gjeldende bransjestandard for bygging av lukkede infiltrasjonsanlegg, omtalt i VA/Miljøblad 59.Rapporten er en webtilpasset oppdatering av NORVAR rapport 49/1994 tilpasset Forurensningsforskriftens kap. 12. Rapportens hoveddel er en relativt kortfattet gjennomgang av prosedyrer for gjennomføring av en grunnundersøkelse. Rapporten tar for seg planlegging av infiltrasjon for mindre avløp (< 50 pe). Metodikken vil også være relevant for større anlegg. Det er henvisninger til vedlegg hvor stoffet er utdypet i læreboksform. Det er lagt inn eksterne lenker til relevant informasjon. Versjon 2 av rapporten med flere oppdaterte figurer vil etter planen foreligge i 2010/11 som en web versjon på http://www.avlop.no/ og en rapport i Norsk Vann sin rapportserie.
Forfattere
Petter D. Jenssen Tore Krogstad Trond Mæhlum Kari H. Skjønsberg Guro Hensel Sven JonassonSammendrag
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Sammendrag
Denne rapporten er laget på bakgrunn av arbeid med prosjektet "Reduced pesticide loads and risks in cropping systems (REDUCE)". Hensikten har vært å studere endringer i risikoen for utvasking av plantevernmidler og fosfor som følge av jordart og forskjellig driftsform. Uforstyrra jordsøyler ble tatt ut på fire ulike lokaliteter to påfølgende år, på høsten 2008 og på høsten 2009.
Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Petter D. Jenssen Tore Krogstad Adam Paruch Trond Mæhlum Kinga Adam Carlos A. Arias Arve Heistad Lena Jonsson Daniel Hellström Hans Brix Markku Yli-Halla Lasse Vråle Matti ValveSammendrag
Nine filter beds have been constructed in the Nordic countries, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Filter beds consist of a septic tank followed by an aerobic pre-treatment biofilter and a subsequent saturated flow grass-covered filter. Thus, filter beds are similar to subsurface flow constructed wetlands with pre-treatment biofilters. but do not have wetland plants with roots submerged into the saturated filter. All saturated filters contain Filtralite (R) P. a light-weight expanded clay aggregate possessing high phosphorus sorption capacity. The filter bed systems showed stable and consistent performance during the. testing period of 3 years. Removal of organic matter measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BUD) was >80%, total phosphorus (TP) >94% and total nitrogen (TN) ranged from 32 to 66%. Effluent concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria met the European bathing water quality criteria in all systems. One system was investigated for virus removal and somatic viruses were not detected in the effluent. The investigations revealed that the majority of the BOD and nitrogen removal occurred in the pre-treatment filters and the phosphorus and bacteria removal was more prominent in the saturated filters. The saturated filters could be built substantially smaller than the current design guidelines without sacrificing treatment performance. The used filter material met the Norwegian regulations for reuse in agriculture with respect to heavy metals, bacteria and parasites. When saturated with phosphorus, the light-weight aggregate. Filtralite (R) P used in the saturated bed is a suitable phosphorus fertilizer and additionally has a liming effect. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sammendrag
The efficiency of different organic waste material as NPK fertilizer and risk for leaching losses related to shower precipitation in the first part of the growing season was testet in a pot experiment on a sandy soil in green house. Six organic fertilizers were evaluated: liquid anaerobic digestate (LAD) of source separated household waste, nitrified liquid anaerobic digestate (NLAD) of same origin as LAD, meat and bone meal (MBM), hydrolysed salmon protein (HSP), reactor composted catering waste (CW) and cattle manure (CM). Unfertilized control, calcium nitrate (CN) and compound fertilizer, Fullgjødsel® 21-4-10 were used as reference fertilizers. Two levels of N-fertilization were applied: 80 kg N ha-1 and 160 kg N ha-1. The amount of fertilizer applied was based on content of mineral N for LAD, NLAD, CN and Fullgjødsel, while Kjeldahl-N content was used for dosage of MBM, HSP, CW and CM. At Zadoks 14 the pots were given a surplus of 28 mm water, as a simulated shower precipitation, and leached water was collected and analyzed for content of N and P. LAD and Fullgjødsel® gave equal yield of barley and uptake of N, P, and K in barley grain, when equal amounts of mineral nitrogen were applied. NLAD gave significantly lower barley yield than the original LAD due to leaching of nitrate-N after simulated surplus of 28 mm precipitation at Zadoks 14. CW also gave yield of barley grain similar to Fullgjødsel®, but significantly less yield of straw. The nutrient content in the different organic fertilizers caused different yield limiting effects. MBM showed K deficiency and had equally small K uptake as CN. Cattle manure had only a small portion of mineral N, and low uptake of N. NLAD had low uptake of P compared to LAD, which also was related to smaller amount of P applied in NLAD. The was significant increased leaching of nitrate N from the treatments receiving 160 kg N ha-1 of CN and NLAD compared to all the other organic fertilizers. It was found significant increased leaching of NH4-N at LAD with 160 kg N ha-1 compared to the other treatments, but the amount of leached NH4-N was very small compared to the nitrate-N leaching for the CN and NLAD treatments. Although the LAD treatment received less P than the CM treatment, the highest P-leaching was found for the LAD treatment. A relatively high proportion of the leached P was PO4-P for the LAD treatment receiving 160 kg N ha-1. CM and CW also had significantly higher P leaching than the other organic fertilizers at 160 kg N ha-1, while most of the treatments had very small P losses and not significantly higher than the unfertilized control. This study showed that liquid anaerobic digestate (LAD) was equally good as NPK fertilizer to barley when equal amounts of mineral N were applied. Liquid anaerobic digestate made of source separated household waste can be recommended as fertilizer to cereals. Nitrification of the ammonium N in the digestate caused significantly increased nitrate leaching, and can not be recommended. The composted catering (CW) and hydrolysed salmon protein (HSP) also showed good fertilizer effect, but these fertilizers had not optimal NPK composition and had lower K content than the crop demand. In these materials are used as fertilizers additional K should be applied in order to obtain normal yields.
Forfattere
Øyvind Kaste Anne Berit Christiansen Marianne Nilsen Asbjørn Bergheim Åge Molversmyr Tone Kroglund Hans Olav Eggestad Marianne Bechmann Lars Gjemlestad Arve Misund Egil R IversenSammendrag
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