Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Sammendrag
I denne rapporten presenteres resultatene fra resultatkontrollen i 2009, som omfatter foryngelseskontroll, kontroll av skogsveger og kontroll av skogbruksplaner. Resultatene fra foryngelseskontrollen er basert på kontroll av 967 foryngelsesfelt som er avvirket i løpet av 2007. Andelen av arealet der foryngelsesmetoden er planting var i 2009 på 55,6 %, og har økt vesentlig siden kontrollåret 2008 da andelen var 40,1%. Andelen som forynges ved en kombinasjon av planting og naturlig foryngelse har endret seg relativt lite siden 2008, mens det er registrert nedgang i andelen av arealet som er tilrettelagt for naturlig foryngelse, og andelen der det ikke er gjennomført tiltak for å legge til rette for foryngelse. Til sammen 72,0 % av foryngelsesarealet har en tetthet i foryngelsene i henhold til anbefalingene eller høyere der foryngelsesmetoden er planting. Innen arealene som forynges ved en kombinasjon av planting og naturlig foryngelse er andelen 67,6 %, mens 43,9 % av arealet som er tilrettelagt for naturlig foryngelse har et planteantall på nivå med anbefalingene eller høyere på kontrolltidspunktet. Der det ikke var tilrettelagt for foryngelse hadde det meste av arealet (71,3 %) et planteantall per dekar under bærekraftforskriftens minstekrav. Resultatene viser videre at om lag fire femtedeler av foryngelseshogstene (% av areal) gjennomføres før skogen når hogstklasse V. Omfanget av tidlig hogst var vesentlig høyere i granskog (21,9%) enn i furuskog (10,4%), og økte med økende bonitet uansett treslagsammensetning i det forrige bestandet. Det er kontrollert 296 skogsbilveganlegg i 2009 som gir en kontrollprosent på 36 %. Antallet kontrollerte anlegg er omtrent det samme som i 2008. Resultatkontrollen viser at det i selve godkjenningsprosessen blir gjort få endringer av vegplanene. Dette indikerer at planene er godt gjennomarbeidet før de kommer til formell behandling. Den tekniske og landskapsmessige standarden på ferdigstilte anlegg har over lang tid vært god, og dette er også tilfellet i 2009. Kontroll av skogbruksplanprosjekter omfatter 20 godkjente takstprosjekter totalt. Takstene representerer 1,87 millioner dekar fordelt på 3 158 eiendommer med en gjennomsnittskostnad på 11,3 kroner per dekar. Dette er en økning på om lag fire kroner per dekar i forhold til 2008. Til sammen utgjør miljøfigurer fra MiS-registreringer et areal på 35 391 dekar.
Sammendrag
The semi-individual tree crown approach (semi-ITC) was used to predict crown base heights (CBH) on the level of single crown segments based on airborne laser scanning (ALS) derived metrics. The root-mean-squared-differences (RMSD) on the segment level were smallest for spruce. However, they were larger than the standard deviation of the measured CBH for pine and birch. The RMSD values were also larger compared to other studies. This can in part be explained by the fact that the semi-ITC approach incorporates errors of the segmentation algorithm. As a consequence, all instead of only correctly identified trees were considered in modeling which results in more realistic RMSD values. After aggregating the individual segment predictions to the plot level, the RMSD values were smaller than the standard deviations of the field measurements and comparable to other studies. The relative RMSD values for birch, spruce, pine and all species were 51.61, 35.22, 49.28, and 13.89%, respectively.
Sammendrag
The airborne laser scanning (ALS) penetration rate, i.e. the ratio of ground echoes to total echoes, is a proxy for gap fraction. Hence, ALS has a potential for monitoring forest properties that are related to gap fraction, such as leaf area index, canopy cover and disturbance. Furthermore, two gap types may be distinguished: While a pulse that only produces a ground echo most likely hit a large, between-tree gap, a pulse that produces a ground echo as the last of several returns most likely hit smaller, within-canopy gaps. This may be utilized to distinguish between disturbance types such as defoliation and tree removal. However, the ALS penetration rate needs to be calibrated with gap fraction measurements in the field, because it is influenced by technical properties of the acquisition. The aim of this study was to quantify the magnitude of this influence, by comparing repeated acquisitions with different technical specifications. We had at hand 12 ALS acquisitions which could be combined into six pairs, from four spruce and pine dominated forests in Norway. We established 20x20 m grids, and for each grid cell we extracted three penetration variables: first echo penetration, last-of-many echo penetration, and total (i.e., first and last echo). We log-transformed the penetration variables (P1 and P2) from two laser acquisitions, and fitted the no-intercept, linear model log(P1) = log(P2), applying total least squares regression analysis. In a majority of the cases, the penetration variables were very similar, i.e. they deviated by <10%. For the first echo penetration the slopes varied from 0.87 to 1.07 and the R2 values ranged between 0.91 and 0.99. For the last-of-many echo penetration, there was generally weaker correspondence with slopes varying from 0.78 to 1.02, and R2 values ranging from 0.60 to 0.94. Finally, for the total penetration there was again stronger agreement with slopes in the range 0.83-1.03 and R2 values from 0.88 to 0.99. In conclusion, it seems that the penetration ability of different ALS scans in many cases are very similar, and further research may reveal ranges of standardized settings for which field inventory can be redundant.
Forfattere
Stein Tomter Gro Hylen Jan-Erik Ørnelund NilsenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Svein Solberg Rasmus Astrup Dan Johan Weydahl Erik Næsset Terje Gobakken Ole Martin BollandsåsSammendrag
There is an increasing need for forest resource monitoring methods, as more attention is paid to deforestation, bio-energy and forests as habitats. Most national forest inventories are based on networks of field inventory plots, sometimes together with satellite data, and airborne laser scanning (ALS) is increasingly used for local forest mapping. These methods are expensive to establish or carry out, and many countries, including some severely affected by deforestation, do not apply such methods.Satellite based remote sensing methods in use today are hampered by problems caused by clouds and saturation at moderate biomass levels. Satellite SAR is not hampered by cloud problems, and monitoring of canopy surface elevation, which is correlated to key forest resource variables, might be a future method in forest monitoring.We here present the main findings of three studies (Solberg et al. 2010, a, b, c) investigating the potential of interferometric SAR (InSAR) for forest monitoring, by describing the relationship between InSAR height above ground and key forest variables. We based this study on InSAR data from the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) with its acquisition in February 2000. We obtained SRTM InSAR DEM data from DLR for two forest areas in Norway, and built a ground-truth from the combination of field inventory and ALS.The forest areas were dominated by Norway spruce and Scots pine. In each forest area we laid out a number of field inventory plots, where we recorded standard forest variables such as Dbh and tree height, and from this derived plot aggregated variables of top height, mean height, stand density (mean tree height divided by the mean tree spacing), volume and biomass. We used this to calibrate and validate ALS based models, from which we derived estimates of the same variables for each SRTM pixel. This served as reference data for the SRTM data.From the X-band SRTM digital surface model (DSM) image we subtracted a high quality digital terrain model (DTM) derived from the ALS data. This was based on an extraction of ground echoes from the data provider, and the elevations of these echoes were interpolated into a grid fitting the SRTM grid.This produced data on the RADAR echo height above ground (InSAR height), which we related to the forest variables. With digital stand maps we aggregated the variables to the stand level. The X-band microwaves penetrate a little into the canopy, and the InSAR height was on average about 1.2 m below the mean tree height. InSAR height was strongly related to all forest variables, most strongly to top height.Particularly valuable was that stem volume and biomass, ranging up to 400 m3/ha and 200 t/ha, respectively, were linearly related to InSAR height with an accuracy, RMSE, of 19% at the stand level. However, these relationships had an intercept, which represents the microwave penetration into the vegetation, and due to this the relationships were non-linear for forest stands having heights and biomass values close to zero.With a lower quality DTM derived from topographic maps, the relationships were weaker. However, as long as a forest variable is within the ranges of the linear relationship, any change in InSAR elevation would be proportional to a change in forest height, volume or biomass. And, any logging should be detectable as a sudden decrease in InSAR elevation.Hence, a forest monitoring based on X-band InSAR might be suitable even without a DTM. An application of space borne InSAR for forest monitoring would be feasible for large areas at low cost, whereas an ALS acquisition for a part of the area would serve as reference data for calibration.
Sammendrag
Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra en taksering av naturlig foryngelse i 99 bestand på bonitet G14 i Romedal og Stange allmenninger. Arealene ble markberedt i perioden 2001–2006, og var avvirket ved flatehogst der målet var naturlig foryngelse av gran basert på frø fra bestandskant. Takseringen ble gjennomført i juni – oktober 2008. Arealene fordelte seg med 29 bestand i bærlyngskog, 52 bestand i blåbærskog, og 18 bestand i småbregneskog. Granplanter som hadde spirt våren 2007 (toårig gran) utgjorde det største bidraget til foryngelsen i de fleste bestandene....
Forfattere
Tuula Kantola Mikko Vastaranta Xiaowei Yu Paivi Lyytikainen-Saarenmaa Markus Holopainen Mervi Talvitie Sanna Kaasalainen Svein Solberg Juha HyyppäSammendrag
Climate change has been observed to be related to the increase of forest insect damages in the boreal zone. The prediction of the changes in the distribution of insect-caused forest damages has become a topical issue in the field of forest research. The common pine sawfly (Diprion pini L.) (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae) is regarded as a significant threat to boreal pine forests. Defoliation by D. pini caused severe growth losses and tree mortality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (Pinaceae). Logistic regression is commonly used in modelling the probability of occurrence of an event. In this study the logistic regression was investigated for predicting the needle loss of individual Scots pines (pine) using the features derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. The defoliation level of 164 trees was determined subjectively in the field. Statistical ALS features were extracted for single trees and used as independent variables in logistic regression models. Classification accuracy of defoliation was 87.8% as respective kappa-value was 0.82. For comparison, only penetration features were selected and classification accuracy of 78.0% was achieved (kappa=0.56). Based on the results, it is concluded that ALS based prediction of needle losses is capable to provide accurate estimates for individual trees.
Forfattere
Tron Eid Andreas Brunner Gunnhild Søgaard Rasmus Astrup Stein Tomter Øyvind Løken Rune EriksenSammendrag
Ambitious targets for renewable energy production in Norway draw attention to biomass potent-ials. The objective of this report is to review the state of the art regarding research on estimation methods, the availability and production of tree biomass resources for energy purposes in Norway in order to indentify knowledge gaps and thus facilitate appropriate focus, development and priorities regarding research for the coming years. The review focuses on biomass from pri-mary forest production with emphasis on Norwegian conditions, but also considers international research, especially from the other Nordic countries. Three main subject areas are considered: - biomass estimation - biomass resources and availability - biomass production. The first part of this report comprises an overview of existing biomass equations and associated inventory methods applied for estimating biomass in Norway. The overview includes a description of the Norwegian National Forest Inventory data as a basis for large-scale biomass assessments. The second part of the report comprises an overview of previous Norwegian assessments of biomass as an energy supplier as well as suggestions for improvements in such assessments. Improvement possibilities regarding the impacts of environmentally oriented restrictions, appropriate models for productivity and cost calculations regarding biomass harvesting systems, and implementation of biomass-related features in existing decisions support systems to facilitate analyses, where timber production and biomass production for energy purposes are equally important, are identified. The final part of the review focuses on silvi-cultural options aiming at optimizing the value of total biomass instead of the conventional approach to silviculture where the main focus is timber values.
Sammendrag
I juni 2009 ble Norsk Institutt for Skog og Landskap bedt om å bistå Landbruks- og Matdepartementet samt Statens Forurensningstilsyn med en analyse av endringene i skogens fremtidige karbonlager under alternative skogbruksscenarioer. Prognosene skal brukes til å avdekke ulike konsekvenser av regelverket for skog og arealbruk i Kyoto-protokollen for forpliktelsesperioden etter 2012. Med utgangspunkt i St. meld. nr. 39 vurderes i denne rapporten 4 scenarioer for det fremtidige skogbruket i Norge: Scenario 1 er en videreføring av dagens hogst, som utgjør 10 millioner m3, og skogkulturinnsats hvor det plantes om lag 20 millioner planter; Scenario 2 forutsetter at hogsten økes til 15 millioner m3 per år, og at det plantes omkring 50 millioner planter årlig; Scenario 3 forutsetter at hogsten økes til om lag 15 millioner m3 per år, og at planteintensiteten er økt i forhold til Scenario 2 til omkring 70 millioner planter årlig; Scenario 4 forutsetter at hogsten økes til om lag 15 millioner m3 per år. Planteintensiteten (planter per arealenhet) er den samme som i Scenario 1, men med økt avvirkning blir det ca. 30 millioner planter per år. [...]