Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Olav Skarpaas Markus Lindholm Ann Norderhaug Kristin Helle Tonje Økland Eivind OugSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
The efficiency of different organic waste material as NPK fertilizer and risk for leaching losses related to shower precipitation in the first part of the growing season was testet in a pot experiment on a sandy soil in green house. Six organic fertilizers were evaluated: liquid anaerobic digestate (LAD) of source separated household waste, nitrified liquid anaerobic digestate (NLAD) of same origin as LAD, meat and bone meal (MBM), hydrolysed salmon protein (HSP), reactor composted catering waste (CW) and cattle manure (CM). Unfertilized control, calcium nitrate (CN) and compound fertilizer, Fullgjødsel® 21-4-10 were used as reference fertilizers. Two levels of N-fertilization were applied: 80 kg N ha-1 and 160 kg N ha-1. The amount of fertilizer applied was based on content of mineral N for LAD, NLAD, CN and Fullgjødsel, while Kjeldahl-N content was used for dosage of MBM, HSP, CW and CM. At Zadoks 14 the pots were given a surplus of 28 mm water, as a simulated shower precipitation, and leached water was collected and analyzed for content of N and P. LAD and Fullgjødsel® gave equal yield of barley and uptake of N, P, and K in barley grain, when equal amounts of mineral nitrogen were applied. NLAD gave significantly lower barley yield than the original LAD due to leaching of nitrate-N after simulated surplus of 28 mm precipitation at Zadoks 14. CW also gave yield of barley grain similar to Fullgjødsel®, but significantly less yield of straw. The nutrient content in the different organic fertilizers caused different yield limiting effects. MBM showed K deficiency and had equally small K uptake as CN. Cattle manure had only a small portion of mineral N, and low uptake of N. NLAD had low uptake of P compared to LAD, which also was related to smaller amount of P applied in NLAD. The was significant increased leaching of nitrate N from the treatments receiving 160 kg N ha-1 of CN and NLAD compared to all the other organic fertilizers. It was found significant increased leaching of NH4-N at LAD with 160 kg N ha-1 compared to the other treatments, but the amount of leached NH4-N was very small compared to the nitrate-N leaching for the CN and NLAD treatments. Although the LAD treatment received less P than the CM treatment, the highest P-leaching was found for the LAD treatment. A relatively high proportion of the leached P was PO4-P for the LAD treatment receiving 160 kg N ha-1. CM and CW also had significantly higher P leaching than the other organic fertilizers at 160 kg N ha-1, while most of the treatments had very small P losses and not significantly higher than the unfertilized control. This study showed that liquid anaerobic digestate (LAD) was equally good as NPK fertilizer to barley when equal amounts of mineral N were applied. Liquid anaerobic digestate made of source separated household waste can be recommended as fertilizer to cereals. Nitrification of the ammonium N in the digestate caused significantly increased nitrate leaching, and can not be recommended. The composted catering (CW) and hydrolysed salmon protein (HSP) also showed good fertilizer effect, but these fertilizers had not optimal NPK composition and had lower K content than the crop demand. In these materials are used as fertilizers additional K should be applied in order to obtain normal yields.
Sammendrag
Currently, very little data exist on the exposure of soil biota to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), in spite of soils being an important potential sink for ENPs. Though, data on exposure are essential to determine whether or not, or to which extent, a hazard constitutes a risk. This knowledge gap is mainly due to difficulties in tracing ENPs in soils where natural nanoparticles are abundant. We used neutron activated ENPs as tracers and examined the exposure (uptake, excretion and internal distribution) of nanoparticles of cobalt (Co NPs 3.9 ± 0.8 nm) and silver (Ag NPs 20.2 ± 2.5 nm) in the earthworm Eisenia fetida, and compared this to soluble cobalt and silver salts. Accumulation patterns were highly different for cobalt and silver. Concentrations of cobalt in worms after 4 weeks exposure reached 88% and 69% of the Co ions and Co NPs concentrations in food, respectively, while corresponding values for Ag ions and Ag NPs were 2.3% and 0.4%. Both Ag NPs and Ag ions in earthworms were excreted rapidly, while only 32% of the accumulated Co ions and Co NPs were excreted within a 4 months depuration period. High accumulation of cobalt was found in blood, and to a lesser extent in the digestive tract. Sequential extraction and centrifugal ultrafiltration provided useful information on metal speciation, dissolution and bioavailability of Co NPs and Ag NPs. Both Ag NPs and Ag ions were strongly bound to soil constituents, whereas Co NPs and Co ions were largely found as water soluble species, in good agreement with the results from the uptake study.
Forfattere
Christer MagnussonSammendrag
The recent spread of pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Europe is a concern to Nordic countries. Since PWN may exist in trees free of symptoms its distribution becomes unclear. Commodities like pulpwood, particle wood (PW) and wood packaging material (WPM) could have hidden infections. Pulpwood offers obvious risks of transmission due to a possible presence of both PWN and its vectors (Monochamus spp.). Generally, PW is considered to pose a low theoretical risk due to absence of vectors, and WPM no risk if heat treated. Transmission of PWN from infested wood to trees has been demonstrated, and a recurrent use of PW on sports tracks may during one forest cycle result in transmission. PWN can survive for long periods in wood, and reported limited heat treatment capacities indicate that infested WPM already may circulate within the EU. In the Nordic region, pallet wood is a popular fuel and is stored at summer houses where direct contact with trees could cause transmission. In Nordic locations establishment of PWN is expected to cause damage only in hot summers. Even in a warmer climate the damage at least in a 50 yrs perspective is expected to be small, but costs of nematode control will be very high. In a short perspective effects on Nordic exports are small, but in a longer perspective new outbreaks of pine wilt disease in Europe could change export markets. Key Words: Pinewood nematode, Europe, trade risks, Nordic region
Sammendrag
Bipolaris sorokinana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus) is a widespread pathogen of cereals and many grasses. It can infect seeds, roots and leaves, causing seedling blight, common root rot, foot rot and spot blotch. Inoculum of B. sorokiniana may be seed-borne or arise from infected plant debris in the field and from conidia in the soil. Recent years the pathogen has occurred at high frequencies in seed lots of barley in Norway, especially in the cvs Edel and Annabell. A large proportion of the seed lots tested since 2004 were infected and the average infection frequencies were rather high. In order to evaluate the importance of the seed-borne inoculum in barley and to test the effect of seed treatment fungicides against the pathogen, field, greenhouse and laboratory experiments have been carried out with heavily infected barley seed. The infection level was reduced and plant weight, plant height, field emergence and yields were significantly increased by chemical treatment. The best effect was seen with an imazalil+flutriafol compound which increased the yield by approximately 35 % compared to untreated. A healthy untreated seed lot of the same cultivar included in one of the experiments showed approximately the same level of emergence and yield as the best fungicide treatment of a heavily infected seed lot. The investigations demonstrate that the use of healthy seed, or seed treated with an effective fungicide, is important to reduce the yield losses from B. sorokiniana.
Sammendrag
The aim of this study is to use airborne laser scanning (ALS) data to simulate synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) elevation data [digital elevation model (DEM)] from the spatial distribution of scatterers. A Shuttle Radar Topography Mission X-band DEM data set and an ALS data set from a spruce-dominated forest area are used. A 3-D grid of voxels is made from the spatial distribution of ALS first echoes. The slant angle penetration rate of the SAR microwaves (P-SAR) is simulated to be a function of the vertical ALS penetration rate (P-ALS), i.e., P-SAR = P-ALS(4). The InSAR DEM and heights above the ground are fairly well reproduced by the simulator. A total least squares regression model between the simulated and measured InSAR DEMs has an R-2 value of 0.99 and a slope of 1 : 1. By subtracting the ALS-based terrain heights (digital terrain model), we obtained InSAR heights, which were reproduced with an R-2 value of 0.78, a slope of 0.96, and a root-mean-square error of 2.3 m. With the simulator, it was demonstrated how a disturbance event would affect the InSAR height. Unfortunately, the relationship was curvilinear and concave, which means that the method is not very sensitive to weak disturbances. This might be partly overcome by using a more vertical incidence angle of the SAR microwaves. The simulator might be used for validation or ground truthing of the InSAR data, as well as gaining understanding of how vegetation changes affect the InSAR data.
Sammendrag
Norwegian agriculture has, as in most western-European countries, gone through several periods of change during the last 100 years. Pronounced changes have occurred in production systems and the spatial organisation of farm land, as well as agricultural policy. During the last 50 years, official statistics document a marked decline in the number of active farms. This decline has caused concern, as Norway traditionally has had an agricultural policy that emphasises self-sufficiency and rural settlement. Yet statistics also show that the amount of agricultural land in use has remained the same. This is usually explained through a larger proportion of tenanted land, as technological progress has allowed production levels to be maintained with a smaller workforce. Studies elsewhere in Europe show, however, that tenancy may not promote the same levels of investment and landscape management as owner occupation. To assess the potential impact of this change on Norway's landscape (and its value as both a cultural and tourism resource) we analyse tenancy patterns in Norwegian agriculture between 1999 and 2003. In particular we note that, even if owner occupation remains strong nationally, when the statistics are broken down by municipality, tenancy has increased significantly in some areas. This has left large areas of land managed as tenancies by a relatively small number of farmers, including parts of the iconic west coast fjords. We conclude therefore that further work is urgently required to establish whether the effects of tenancy seen elsewhere apply to Norway, whether this exposes key landscapes to increased risk of abandonment and if so what appropriate political responses there could be.
Forfattere
Erling Johan Solberg Olav Strand Vebjørn Veiberg Roy Andersen Morten Heim Christer Moe Rolandsen Frode Holmstrøm Mai Irene Solem Rune Eriksen Rasmus AstrupSammendrag
Denne rapporten er en framdriftsrapport fra Overvåkingsprogrammet for hjortevilt ved NINA, og er utarbeidet i henhold til kontrakt med oppdragsgiver, Direktoratet for naturforvaltning (DN). I rapporten viser vi utviklingen i bestandskondisjon (slaktevekt, fruktbarhet og rekrutteringsrater) og til dels bestandsstruktur og bestandstetthet for elg, hjort og villrein i de 17 overvåkingsområdene for hjortevilt i Norge. I tillegg rapporterer vi den nasjonale og regionale utviklingen i fellingsstatistikk og antall viltpåkjørsler for elg, hjort, rein og rådyr, samt sett elg- og sett hjort-registreringer fram til 2009. I årets rapport presenterer vi også en oversikt over utviklingen i beitetilbud av og beitetrykk på trær og busker som beites av elg og hjort i perioden 2005-2008, og variasjonen i rekruttering av de samme artene i perioden 1994-2008. Beitetreovervåkingen er gjennomført i samarbeid med Landsskogtakseringen ved Norsk institutt for skog og landskap. Resultatene antyder at det samlede antallet hjortevilt økte ytterligere fra 2008 til 2009. Aldri tidligere er det felt flere elg, hjort og villrein samlet sett som under høsten 2009. Økningen skyldes i all hovedsak økt avskytning av hjort, mens antallet felte elg og rein var tilnærmet uforandret. Også antallet hjortevilt drept i trafikken økte fra jaktåret 2007-08 til 2008-09. I jaktåret 2008-09 ble det påkjørt og drept 7 487 hjortevilt. En grov estimering antyder at det var omkring 450 000 hjortevilt i Norge vinteren 2008, hvorav mest hjort og rådyr (≈300 000). Den samlede bestanden av villrein var drøye 30 000 i 2009 og tilnærmet uforandret fra året før. I alle overvåkingsområdene er det nå nært samsvar mellom bestandsstørrelse og bestandsmålet, med unntak for Hardangervidda og Setesdal Ryfylke. I sistnevnte områder er bestandene fortsatt under bestandsmålet, men økende. I de samme områdene har bestandskondisjonen økt de siste 20 årene, til tross for en svak nedgang i antall kalv pr. 100 simler i 2009. I de andre områdene er rekrutteringsratene stabilt høye eller i tilbakegang. Årsaken til denne tilbakegangen er uklar, men jaktrelaterte mekanismer kan være involvert og bør undersøkes. I overvåkingsområdet på Svalbard var det på ny vekst i bestanden i 2009 etter at den kollapset i 2008. I samsvar med dette ble det registrert over gjennomsnittlig kalveproduksjon og svært lav dødelighet, målt som antall kadaver. Som et resultat av antallet dyr i bestanden fortsatt høy i overvåkingsområdet i forhold til det langsiktige gjennomsnittet. I overvåkingsregionene for hjort var slaktevektene for kalv og åringsdyr i 2009 stort sett lavere enn det langsiktige gjennomsnittet. Dette er i samsvar med en synkende trend i alle regionene siden 1990- tallet og skyldes sannsynligvis økende fødekonkurranse som følge av høy og økende bestandstetthet. I samsvar med dette finner vi også at andelen 2-årige koller som har vært drektige er redusert i overvåkingsperioden i Hordaland og i Sogn og Fjordane. I Møre og Romsdal og Sør-Trøndelag er trenden mer stabil eller svakt økende som følge av høyere drektighetsrater de to siste årene. For å unngå ytterligere fall i bestandskondisjonen tror vi det er nødvendig å hindre ytterligere bestandsvekst og endog redusere tettheten i enkelte områder. Resultatene fra sett hjort antyder ingen vesentlig bestandsvekst for hjort de to siste årene, men antallet kommuner med gode sett hjort data er fortsatt for få til å kunne si noe entydig om bestandstrendene i hele landet. Bestandsovervåking, Elg, Hjort, Hjorteviltforvaltning, Norge, rådyr, villrein, hjortevilt, ungulate management, moose, Norway, population monitoring, red deer, reindeer, roe deer
Sammendrag
Smitte av bomullsmellus (Bemisia tabaci) på importerte stiklinger av julestjerne er en av de største utfordringene for julestjernenæringen når det gjelder plantevern. To metoder for behandling av julestjernestiklinger mot bomullsmellus ble testet: 1) Behandling av stiklinger med ren CO2 og 2) dypping av stiklinger i vann tilsatt ulike lav-risiko plantevernmidler. Resultater:Alle voksne mellus døde etter 3,5 time etter behandling med ren CO2. Dødeligheten hos egg og nymfer var 85-100 % ved behandling i 7-9 timer ved 20-30oC. Plantene så ut til å tåle behandling i 7-8 timer ved 20oC (97 % dødelighet hos mellusa), og i 6 timer ved 23 og 25oC (85.7 og 87.6 % dødelighet hos mellusa). Det er imidlertid behov for grundigere testing av plantetoleranse, både for direkte skade og langtidseffekter. Dypping i ProNatur drepte i gjennomsnitt 99.8 % av mellusene på stiklingene. Det var imidlertid tendenser til bladskade og til negativ effekt på rotingen av stiklingene. Effekten av PreFeRal WG og EradicoatT varierte en del, og ga i gjennomsnitt litt over 80 % dødelighet. Plantene så ut til å tåle disse to midlene godt. Dypping i en kombinasjon av PreFeRal WG og EradicoatT drepte ca. 90 % av eggene, og 95-100 % av nymfene. Plantene tålte denne kombinasjonen godt. Dypping i en kombinasjon av EradicoatT og ProNatur ga ikke bedre effekt enn ProNatur brukt alene, og det var en tendens til negativ effekt på rotdannelsen hos stiklingene. Dypping i en kombinasjon av PreFeRal WG og ProNatur ga planteskade.
Sammendrag
Earliness, fruit yield and quality of six annual-fruiting raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars were tested under protected cultivation in a cool Nordic environment. After raising plants for 5 weeks in greenhouses with average mean temperatures of 20 degrees C, 22 degrees C, or 26 degrees C, the plants were cropped in an open plastic tunnel at latitude 61 degrees N. The highest yielding cultivars were 'Autumn Bliss' and 'Polka', with 640 g plant(-1). Overall, the most promising cultivar was 'Polka' which combined high yield with large fruit of good flavour and firmness. In earliness, 'Polka' was surpassed only by 'Autumn Bliss', which confirmed its position as the earliest commercial annual-fruiting cultivar. However, 'Autumn Bliss' had soft fruits with little flavour and a short shelf-life, which greatly reduced the potential of the cultivar for the fresh fruit market. The later ripening cultivar 'Erika' did not complete its crop under these conditions, but its large unrealised yield potential and good fruit quality rendered it extremely promising for environments with a longer growing season. 'Sugana' was late, with low yields and poor fruit quality, while 'Marcela' did not yield enough fruit to be of interest under the present conditions. High temperatures during the 5-week raising period generally advanced flowering and fruit ripening in all cultivars, with the notable exception of 'Autumn Treasure' in which flowering was suppressed and strongly delayed by high temperature. Under the present conditions, there was a highly positive correlation between earliness and fruit yield. Regression analyses identified a low number of dormant buds as the single most important component of plant architecture associated with high fruit yield, accounting for 47% of the total variation.