Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2011
Forfattere
Maria Björkman Ingeborg Klingen ANE Birch Atle M. Bones Toby Bruce Tor J. Johansen Richard Meadow Jørgen A.B. Mølmann Randi Seljåsen Lesley Smart Derek StewartSammendrag
In this review, we provide an overview of the role of glucosinolates and other phytochemical compounds present in the Brassicaceae in relation to plant protection and human health. Current knowledge of the factors that influence phytochemical content and profile in the Brassicaceae is also summarized and multi-factorial approaches are briefly discussed. Variation in agronomic conditions (plant species, cultivar, developmental stage, plant organ, plant competition, fertilization, pH), season, climatic factors, water availability, light (intensity, quality, duration) and CO2 are known to significantly affect content and profile of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals such as the glucosinolates and leaf surface waxes play an important role in interactions with pests and pathogens. Factors that affect production of phytochemicals are important when designing plant protection strategies that exploit these compounds to minimize crop damage caused by plant pests and pathogens. Brassicaceous plants are consumed increasingly for possible health benefits, for example, glucosinolate-derived effects on degenerative diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, factors influencing phytochemical content and profile in the production of brassicaceous plants are worth considering both for plant and human health. Even though it is known that factors that influence phytochemical content and profile may interact, studies of plant compounds were, until recently, restricted by methods allowing only a reductionistic approach. It is now possible to design multi-factorial experiments that simulate their combined effects. This will provide important information to ecologists, plant breeders and agronomists.
Forfattere
Tor LunnanSammendrag
Free-range grazing on mountain pastures is common practice for sheep and cattle farming in southern Norway. Investigations have shown that animal growth and milk production decrease towards the end of the grazing period. This has been explained by the decrease in forage quality and quantity. In two seasons, three grass species and Carex spp. were sampled at four locations early or late in the summer. Forage quality was determined by NIRS with a broad calibration for grasses. The energy value was highest in Agrostis capillaris and Avenella flexuosa, followed by Deschampsia cespitosa and Carex spp. The energy value decreased through the season; however, A. flexuosa kept a high energy value even in early autumn. The protein value declined steadily through the grazing season. Avenella flexuosa was lower in protein than the other species, especially early in the season. This investigation indicates that the decline in energy value is not the main reason for declining animal response at the end of the grazing season. Factors such as low forage intake and low content of protein might be more important. Keywords: quality, grazing, Avenella flexuosa, Deschampsia cespitosa, Agrostis capillaris, Carex
Sammendrag
The northernmost range of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is in southern Norway and consists of two distinct and isolated distributions, a single population at Seim in West Norway and several adjacent populations in Vestfold, East Norway. The modest beech pollen deposits beyond these main distributions suggest that the Norwegian beech distribution has never been an extension of the south Scandinavian range. We used genetic markers and historical sources to trace the ancestor populations for the beech at Seim and Vestfold, hypothesising Denmark as the most likely source. Nuclear inter-simple sequence repeat markers, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were applied to estimate genetic distances between beech populations in Norway, England and Denmark. The variation in chloroplast DNA polymorphism was estimated using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The nuclear genetic data indicate Denmark as a source for the beech in Norway, although the data are less certain in the case of Seim than in that of Vestfold. The populations from South England were genetically different from most Scandinavian populations. The genetic variation within Norwegian populations was only slightly lower than that of the English and Danish populations, questioning birds as vectors for dispersal. Thus, the pollen data and our results are in accordance with the intentional introduction and documented human migrations across Skagerrak before and during the Viking Age.
Forfattere
Lars NesheimSammendrag
Farm manures are a major source of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. Excreta from livestock make a significant contribution to atmospheric ammonia emissions and losses of N and P from agricultural land. In order to reduce nutrient emissions from agriculture, it is important to have reliable N and P output standards for the major categories of farm livestock. In Norway the output standards of livestock excreta have not been updated the last 15 years, and the scientific basis for the figures is even older (about 30 years). During that time there have been considerable changes in the Norwegian agricultural production, e.g. the annual milk yield per cow has increased from about 5 500 kg to 7 200 kg. In a report to Norwegian Agricultural Authority the Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research has presented the prevailing Norwegian output standards and the investigations which these standards are based upon (Nesheim et al., 2011). Also output standards from Denmark, Great Britain, Sweden and Switzerland are presented and discussed.
Forfattere
Lars Tørres Havstad Per Ove LindemarkSammendrag
I frøeng av engsvingel hvor det er en del soppangrep tilsier erfaringene fra årets og tidligere års forsøk at soppsprøyting vil være lønnsomt. Beste tidspunkt for sprøyting vil avhenge av værforholda i vekstsesongen. I 2010 var det fuktigere vær, og dermed bedre vilkår for soppsjukdommer, i siste enn i første halvdel av vekstsesongen. I et felt i østfold var de fuktige værforholda trolig årsak til at sein sprøyting ved begynnende blomstring (Z 60) gav bedre beskyttelse og høyere frøavling enn ruter som var sprøytet tidligere i vekstsesongen (Z 31). Ved å sprøyte enga to ganger, både ved Z 31 og Z 50-60, tar en høyde for mulige soppangrep både tidlig og seint i vekstsesongen og får dermed en lengre beskyttelsesperiode. I middel av alle tre felt med engsvingel i 2009-10, ble de høyeste frøavlingene og best lønnsomhet oppnådd på ruter som var sprøytet med 75 ml Stereo både ved Z 31 og Z 50-60. Denne bekjempingsstrategien førte til at frøavlingen økte med 15 % sammenlignet med usprøyta ruter.
Sammendrag
A national land resource map of mountain areas has been compiled using Landsat satellite images combined with auxiliary information. The map uses only five broad classes assumed to be associated with vegetation cover and productivity and labelled accordingly. Mapping was carried out using a two-step segmentation and classification of satellite images followed by manual correction of the results. The resulting dataset (AR-FJELL) is not published as a separate product, but is used to complete a number of other land resource databases, ensuring that these products have complete national coverage.
Sammendrag
In 2005 an extensive test program including field tests was set up in order to obtain more data on the durability and long term performance of modified wood and semi-durable wood species. One of the main challenges for modified wood is to predict accurate service life time in UC3 (Use use class 3, above ground) and UC4 (use class 4, in soil or fresh water contact). So far, data from in-service conditions are rare, while several studies have evaluated the durability in lab or field test exposure. However, there is still a lack of studies comparing replicate modified wood products in both field and lab exposure. This study evaluates the efficacy of modified wood in AWPA E10, three different types of soil in lab (ENV 807), three test fields in-ground (EN 252) and two close to ground (horizontal double layer test) set-ups at two test sites. The test material includes furfurylated, acetylated and thermally modified wood in addition to reference treated and control samples. In laboratory, both furfurylated, acetylated and thermally modified pine (212ºC) performed well. The modified wood samples performed at the same level, or better, than the reference CC and CCA preservatives in retentions for UC4 applications. In the horizontal double layer test, five years is still too short time to be able to draw firm conclusions. However, in the most accelerated HDL set-up, all controls have failed or are moderately to severely decayed whereas most preservative treated, furfurylated and acetylated wood are sound or only slightly decayed. After 5 years of testing CCA-preserved wood performs better in-ground in field tests than in lab tests, whereas modified wood generally performs slightly poorer. Just like in the lab tests, however, acetylated wood performs equal to CCA-preserved wood in UC4. Furfurylated wood performs equal to or better than UC3 level preservative treated wood. Thermally modified wood actually performs much poorer than all preservative treated wood references. Finally, natural durability classification of the same treatment in different lab and field tests was surprisingly similar.
Sammendrag
1. In the face of a rapidly changing environment, long-term studies provide important insights into patterns of vegetation and processes of change, but long-term studies are rare for many ecosystems.2. We studied recent vegetation changes at a fine scale in a Sphagnum-dominated bog in south Sweden by resurveying part of the bog 54 years after the original phytosociological survey. We used an indirect approach to identify changes in vegetation composition in relation to environment because of a lack of permanent sampling units. By applying a weighted averaging technique, we calculated relative changes in species optimum values for different environmental gradients as represented by indicator values for light, temperature, pH, moisture and nutrients.3. Species composition of the mire vegetation has changed significantly over the past five decades, as indicated by significant changes in species frequencies and species optima for the gradients examined. Species with lower indicator values for moisture and light and higher indicator values for nutrients have become more frequent on the mire. In particular, species of trees and dwarf shrubs increased in frequency, whereas typical mire species decreased (e.g. Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Hartm.) or disappeared fromthe study site (e.g. Scheuchzeria palustris L.).4. Synthesis. Composition of the mire vegetation is found to be dynamic at different temporal and spatial scales. Increased air temperature and nutrient availability in south Sweden over the past few decades may have augmented productivity (e.g. tree growth), resulting in drier and shadier conditions for several species. This study successfully demonstrated the applicability of an indirect approach for detecting long-term vegetation change at a fine scale. This approach is an effective way of using historic and modern phytosociological data sets to detect vegetation and environmental change through time.
Sammendrag
The Norwegian landscape is changing as a result of forest regeneration within the cultural landscape, and forest expansion has impacts on accessibility, visibility, and landscape aesthetics, thereby affecting the country's tourism industry. This study aimed at identifying the potential areas of forest regeneration and anticipated subsequent landscape effects on different categories of tourist locations in southern Norway. Deforested areas with a potential for forest regeneration were identified from several map sources by GIS-analyses, and 180 tourist locations were randomly selected from the Norwegian national tourism database (Reiselivsbasen), and then buffered by 2 km radius for land cover classes. The findings revealed that approximately 15% of southern Norway has the climatic potential for future forest regeneration, in addition to 5% of cultivated land. Future forest regeneration will affect the landscapes surrounding the tourist locations of rural south Norway, and while the potential is nationwide, it is not uniformly distributed. Two important tourist landscape regions seem especially exposed to forest regeneration: the coastal heath region and the mountain landscapes. Large parts of these areas do not have sufficient numbers of domestic grazing animals necessary to maintain the present character of the landscape.
Sammendrag
This paper focuses on the improvement of a combined impregnation process (CIP, also known as the Royal process). This treatment combines the protective properties of a wood protection agent and the hydrophobic properties of a subsequent oil treatment in a wood product. Copper-based wood preservatives, which are traditionally used in CIP, are very effective but their long-term future use is questionable because of environmental concerns, especially the toxicity against water-living organisms. There is a need for new environmentally friendly wood preservative systems for a use in CIP. The substitutes for copper used in this study are natural polymers and organic biocides. The aim of this research is to describe the fixation effectiveness of the following compounds: Chitosan, Propiconazole, Wolmanit CX-8, Tannin, fire protection agent, Alginate. The scots pine sapwood samples (50´25´15) mm were impregnated and oil treated. The treated products were analysed for their preservative-and oil-retention. Preservative fixation time influence on oil treatment was tested. The treated samples were leached according to EN84. Water samples were analyzed for the amount of active ingredient.