Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2008
Forfattere
Trygve S. AamlidSammendrag
Med over 40.000 alpinnedfarter tilsvarende et areal på 1.100.000 daa er det i Alpene stort behov for stedegent frø til erosjonssikring og revegetering. På 1980-tallet ble det i regi av Federal Agricultural Research and Eduaction Centre (HBFLA), Raumberg- Gumpenstein, Østerrike innsamlet frø av 300-350 stedegne økotyper fordelt på 40-50 arter på ulike steder i Alpene. Etter et forsiktig utvalg for frøavlsegenskaper ble de mest lovende økotypene av hver art kryssa sammen for å skape genetiske breie "Alpe-sorter" til videre oppformering. I dag er produksjonen av stedegent frø basert på 25 slike populasjoner, en for hver art. Fra midt på 1990-tallet har frøavlen av disse populasjonene frø utviklet seg slik at den i dag legger beslag på ca 1200 daa og er en viktig del av inntektsgrunnlaget for 10-12 bønder. Omfanget av avlen forventes å dobles de nærmeste åra. Frøavlen foregår på kontrakt med det private frøfirmaet "Kärtner Saatbau", men HBFLA er fortsatt engasjert gjennom forskning, rådgivning, markedsføring, og produksjon og leveranse av basisfrø. Frøprisen fastsettes ut fra prinsippet at frøavl av stedegene arter skal gi 50% større dekningsbidrag enn dyrking av høsthvete, og 25% større dekningsbidrag enn ordinær engfrøavl. Etter hvert som frøavlerne har vunnet erfaring, har det vært en kraftig økning i avlingsnivået, og dermed er frøprisene redusert. I utsalg er de stedegene frøblandingene om lag 2.5 ganger dyrere enn konkurrerende, tradisjonelle (hovedsakelig importerte) blandinger. Frøavlen av stedegne arter er ikke underlagt offentlig kontroll, men det er selvpålagte krav til renhet og spireevne som er på høyde med eller litt lavere enn ved tradisjonell engfrøavl. På nasjonalt nivå har Østerrike ingen lover eller forordninger som pålegger eiere av alpinanlegg eller andre utbyggere å bruke stedegent frø, men stadig flere velger likevel å bruke dette fordi arealer tilsådd med stedegne blandinger er mer varige og setter mindre krav til gjødsling, slått og resåing enn arealer tilsådd med tradisjonelle blandninger.
Forfattere
Gunnhild Wærsted Takle Ian Toth May Bente BrurbergSammendrag
During the last years, Norway and several other countries have seen an increase in potato blackleg disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum (formerly known as Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica). P. atrosepticum has a narrow host range, limited almost exclusively to potato plants in temperate regions, where it also causes soft rot of potato tubers. The pathogen spreads from infected seed tubers to progeny tubers either through the plant or over short distances in the soil. However, little is known about how seed potatoes are initially contaminated with the bacterium and what onsets the infection. Our overall aim is to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms behind potato infection by P. atrosepticum and to find possible means of controlling blackleg disease, as well as providing more knowledge of the overall lifestyle of the bacterium. The sequencing and annotation of the genome of P. atrosepticum strain SCRI1043 (Bell et al., 2004. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. 101: 11105-10) as well as a genome-wide mutant library (Holeva et al., 2004. Mol. Plant. Microbe. Interact. 17:943-50) provide valuable tools in examining the molecular aspects of both pathogenesis and environment related factors. Quorum-sensing seems to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of P. athrosepticum, and we are currently studying some of the many genes affected by this regulatory control as well as other putative virulence genes.
Forfattere
Ricardo Holgado Christer MagnussonSammendrag
El Altiplano es una de las areas mas pobladas en el mundo. Localizada a una altitud de 3500 " 4000 m, las bajas temperaturas restringe la producción de hortalizas a campo abierto. Por lo cual la major parte de hortalizas son producidas en invernaderos rústicos (carpas solares), fabricados con material local y con techos de plasticos transparente. NGOs en la region Andina han recomendado el cultivo de hortalizas para consumo y comercialización, con el proposito de incrementar y balancear la dieta alimenticia e incrementar los ingresos de los agricultores. Nemátodos fitoparásitos o el escaso manejo de estos limitan frecuentemente la producción en los invernaderos. La universidad Catolica Boliviana, tiene sus Unidades Académicas Campesinas (UAC) en el area rural dedicadas a la enseñanza practica a personas con escasos recursos, quienes, después de su formación profesional puedan contribuir al desarrollo de sus comunidades de origen. Bioforsk ha participado en el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de las bases cientificas en Nematologia de Plantas en UAC-Tiahuanaco. Agricultores en Tiahuanaco experimentaban bajos rendimientos en la producción de hortalizas. Un muestreo de nemátodos parásitos de plantas se realizo para dar apoyo a los agricultores de esta area. Muestras de suelo y plantas se recolectaron en 1999. En Todas las muestras se encontraron nemátodos parásitos de plantas. Veinticuatro muestras conteniendo suelo y plantas provienen de papa (Solanum spp.) y otros cultivos andinos. Diecisiete muestras fueron de invernaderos rústicos. Veintiun generos de nemátodos parásitos de plantas se encontraron. Los mas frecuentes fueron nemátodo del quiste de la papa Globodera rostochiensis y el nemátodo del rosario Naccobus sp. (54 %), seguidos por el nemátodo de las lesiones Pratylenchus spp., nemátodo espiral Helicotylenchus sp. Tylenchus sensu lato(41 %), nemátodo del anillo Criconemella sp. (34 %), stunt nemátodos Tylenchorhynchus spp. (29 %) y por ultimo el nemátodo agallador Meloidogyne sp. (19 %). El studio indica que nemátodos fitoparásitos tienen un efecto drastico en el rendimiento y la producción de hortalizas.
Forfattere
Ricardo Holgado Christer MagnussonSammendrag
El Altiplano es una de las areas mas pobladas en el mundo. Localizada a una altitud de 3500 " 4000 m, las bajas temperaturas restringe la producción de hortalizas a campo abierto. Por lo cual la major parte de hortalizas son producidas en invernaderos rústicos (carpas solares), fabricados con material local y con techos de plasticos transparente. NGOs en la region Andina han recomendado el cultivo de hortalizas para consumo y comercialización, con el proposito de incrementar y balancear la dieta alimenticia e incrementar los ingresos de los agricultores. Nemátodos fitoparásitos o el escaso manejo de estos limitan frecuentemente la producción en los invernaderos. La universidad Catolica Boliviana, tiene sus Unidades Académicas Campesinas (UAC) en el area rural dedicadas a la enseñanza practica a personas con escasos recursos, quienes, después de su formación profesional puedan contribuir al desarrollo de sus comunidades de origen. Bioforsk ha participado en el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de las bases cientificas en Nematologia de Plantas en UAC-Tiahuanaco. Agricultores en Tiahuanaco experimentaban bajos rendimientos en la producción de hortalizas. Un muestreo de nemátodos parásitos de plantas se realizo para dar apoyo a los agricultores de esta area. Muestras de suelo y plantas se recolectaron en 1999. En Todas las muestras se encontraron nemátodos parásitos de plantas. Veinticuatro muestras conteniendo suelo y plantas provienen de papa (Solanum spp.) y otros cultivos andinos. Diecisiete muestras fueron de invernaderos rústicos. Veintiun generos de nemátodos parásitos de plantas se encontraron. Los mas frecuentes fueron nemátodo del quiste de la papa Globodera rostochiensis y el nemátodo del rosario Naccobus sp. (54 %), seguidos por el nemátodo de las lesiones Pratylenchus spp., nemátodo espiral Helicotylenchus sp. Tylenchus sensu lato(41 %), nemátodo del anillo Criconemella sp. (34 %), stunt nemátodos Tylenchorhynchus spp. (29 %) y por ultimo el nemátodo agallador Meloidogyne sp. (19 %). El studio indica que nemátodos fitoparásitos tienen un efecto drastico en el rendimiento y la producción de hortalizas.
Forfattere
Håvard SteinshamnSammendrag
Grassland legumes are essential in organic ruminant livestock production due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N), providing high yields of high feeding value without N fertilization. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) are the most important legumes of temperate grasslands with white clover as the most widely used. New research has reviled new properties of red clover that may affect animal performance and product quality significantly. Red clover containing diets have increased the production of milk and meat (compared with grasses) and the content of beneficial fatty acids in milk and meat (compared with grasses and other legumes), improved the efficiency of feed N utilization (compared with Medicago sativa L.), and increased the milk content of isoflavones (compared with grass and white clover). Red clover contains high levels of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase that might reduce the extent of lipolysis and proteolysis. The paper presents a review on resent results from own and others" research on the use of red clover in the diet of ruminants and the likely mechanisms by which red clover affects production and product quality
Forfattere
Thomas Hartnik Line Sverdrup John JensenSammendrag
lpha-cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, is used as an insecticide in agricultural settings, and increasingly replaces organophosphates and carbamates due to lower application rates and lower mammal toxicity. As very little is known about the acute and chronic toxicity for soil living organisms, this study investigated acute and sublethal toxicity of alpha-cypermethrin for four terrestrial invertebrate species in an agricultural soil from Norway. Bioassays with the earthworm Eisenia fetida, the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus, the springtail Folsomia candida and the land snail Helix aspersa were performed according to slightly modified versions of OECD- or ISO-guidelines and resulted in median lethal concentrations (LC50) of >1000 to 31.4 mg/kg and sublethal no-effect-concentrations (NOEC) of 2.51 to 82 mg/kg. A high acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR) was found in especially the earthworms. Interspecies differences in sensitivity may be explained by differences in exposure and differences in metabolisation rate. When based on measured pore water concentrations, terrestrial species appear overall to be about one order of magnitude less sensitive than aquatic species. Effect assessments conducted according to European guideline for risk assessment of pesticides reveal that assessments based on acute toxicity tests are not always conservative enough to warrant environmentally safe concentrations in soil. Mandatory incorporation of sublethal toxicity data will ensure that also in regions with temperate climate effects of pesticides on populations of soil living organisms are unlikely.
Sammendrag
From 2002 to 2007, the number of organic farms in Norway has increased slightly, from 2303 to 2611. The area of organically certified and in conversion farmland has increased much more, from 32,499 to 49,563 ha. Hence, the average size of organic farms has increased considerably, from 19.7 to 25.5 ha agricultural area per farm. This is 20 % above the Norwegian average farm size. As parallel production is permitted, many farms have both organic and conventional production. The average organically managed agricultural area has increased from 11 to 15.4 ha per farm, and the number of milking cows on organic dairy farms from 15 to 20. Many small farms have opted out of certified organic agriculture, whereas farmers with more land are converting to organic. While most of the public financial support in Norwegian agriculture is differentiated in relation to farm size and region, support for organic agriculture is little differentiated. This encourages the conversion of larger operations. However, the diversity of the organic sector is reduced when smaller farms do not convert or opt out, and it should be considered how organic farming can be an interesting option for farmers independent of farm size.
Sammendrag
Agurkgrønnmosaikkvirus (Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, CGMMV) har blitt funnet i fire gartnerier i Norge i 2007. Avlingstall fra et gartneri indikerer at CGMMV kan forårsake avlingstap opp mot 40-50 % i salgbar avling. Kartleggingsdata fra 2007 tilsier at CGMMV er en skadegjører som kan anses å være av begrenset utbredelse i veksthusagurk. CGMMV har trolig ikke vært til stede i norsk agurk produksjon siden 1983 og tilfellene som har blitt funnet i 2007 kan ansees for å være nye introduksjoner inn i PRA området. På grunn av potensielt høye avlingstap i moderne agurkproduksjon, rask spredning og vanskelighetene og kostnadene forbundet med å bekjempe viruset, må CGMMV ansees for å være en trussel for moderne, intensiv agurkdyrking i Norge. Den potensielle skaden består av avlingstap, direkte kostnader forbundet med bekjempelse (arbeid, kjemikalier, opphold i dyrkinga) og indirekte kostnader knyttet til vanskeliggjort samarbeid med andre dyrkere og usikkerhet i markedssituasjonen.
Forfattere
Peter Simon Erik JonerSammendrag
In this paper, we made an attempt to assess the conceivable interactions of insoluble, persistent nanoparticles with food matrix and living systems following from their physicochemical properties and to outline the analytical methods for the nanoparticles determination in food matrix. It is reasoned that adsorption of species and agglomeration and ageing of nanoparticles are phenomena originating in the relaxation of surface free energy. Further it has been deduced that nanoscale materials have a unique aility to interact with proteins and other biopolymers. The deductions also underline the catalytic activity of nanoparticles, primarily in oxodative reactions which may lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species and to the oxidative stress. The ability of nanoparticles to act as nuclei or germs in the induced heterogeneous crystallization is also considered.
Forfattere
H Dupré de Boulois Erik Joner C Leyval I Jakobsen B.D. Chen P Roos Y Thiry G Rufyikiri B Delvaux S DeclerckSammendrag
This review summarizes current knowledge on the contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to radiocesium immobilization and plant accumulation. These root symbionts develop extended hyphae in soils and readily contribute to the soil-to-plant transfer of some nutrients. Available data show that ecto-mycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can accumulate high concentration of radiocesium in their extraradical phase while radiocesium uptake and accumulation by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is limited. Yet, both ECM and AM fungi can transport radiocesium to their host plants, but this transport is low. In addition, mycorrhizal fungi could thus either store radiocesium in their intraradical phase or limit its root-to-shoot translocation. The review discusses the impact of soil characteristics, and fungal and plant transporters on radiocesium uptake and accumulation in plants, as well as the potential role of mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation strategies.