Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2014
Forfattere
Belen Cotes Linda-Marie Rännbäck Peter Anderson Maria Björkman Birgitta RämertSammendrag
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Forfattere
Alexander Kopatz Rune Andreassen Hans Geir Eiken Siv Aarnes Camilla Tobiassen Rolf Randa Steinar Wikan Snorre HagenSammendrag
Knowledge on the number of female brown bears, especially reproducing females, is important for the wildlife management. One of the largest and densest populations of brown bears in Norway is located in Sør-Varanger, Finnmark, Northern Norway. Observations of females with cubs are reported regularly in the region. Information on the relatedness among individuals is often unknown as well as specifics on the number of reproductions and relatedness among females within this population. We have utilized genetic data originating from feces and hair samples collected in Sør-Varanger in the years 2004-2014 to investigate female brown bear localities. In the same period, personnel from the Norwegian State Nature Inspectorate (SNO) have observed 9 female brown bears with potential female cubs (a priori probability of 0.5). Sampling areas of those female brown bears and their potential offspring showed substantial geographical vicinity suggesting overlapping home ranges. We then calculated the likelihood ratios for these relationships using the forensic software Familias for 18-mother-female cub relationships. For 10 of 18 such relationships, the genetic relationship between mother and female cub were confirmed as their observation in the field was suggestive of. Of the initially observed 9 female bears, 6 have produced 10 female cubs, which here could be confirmed by genetic methods. The remaining 3 females were not excluded to be mothers to their potential cubs, but these relationships cannot be confirmed without additional DNA analyses. Another family relationship could also be confirmed between two observed female bears, but the type of relationship could not be determined.
Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Alexander Kopatz Paul Eric Aspholm Anja Rudolph Hans Geir Eiken Julia Schregel Siv Aarnes Camilla Tobiassen Snorre HagenSammendrag
Genetic methods based on sampling of feces and hairs to study brown bears have become the method of choice for many wildlife researchers and managers. Feces and hairs are the most common sample material for DNA identification of individual bears. While the collection of feces and hairs in the field is carried out in an opportunistic manner, hair-trapping can be applied systematically at specific locations. We have here tested a novel systematic method based on hair sampling on power poles. The method relies on the specific behavior of bears to mark, scratch, bite and scrub on power poles, and by this also leave some hairs behind. During late summer and autumn we have investigated 215 power poles in the Pasvik Valley and sampled 181 hair samples in 2013 and 57 in 2014. A total of 17.3% of the samples collected in 2013 and 12.3% in 2014 were positive on brown bear DNA. Our success rates are comparable to other studies, however, DNA quality/content in the hair samples was generally low. Based on other studies, the method could be improved by sampling during spring and early summer and to use shorter frequencies of 2 to 4 weeks between each sampling. Based on our results and previous studies, we can conclude that this sampling technique should be improved by the development of a more accurate and frequent sampling protocol. Hair sampling from power poles may then lead to improved potential to collect valuable samples and information, which would be more difficult to collect otherwise.
Forfattere
Trygve S. Aamlid Tatsiana Espevig Arne Tronsmo Klaus Paaske Lars Wiik Trond Olav Pettersen Anne Steensohn Ove Hetland Anne Mette Dahl Jensen Per Göran AndersonSammendrag
This report presents results from a project testing Turf G+/WPG (fungal products containing Gliocladium catenulatum) and Turf S+/WPS (bacterial products containing Streptomyces spp.), both from Interagro BIOS AB, and Vacciplant (seaweed product containing laminarine) from Nordisk Alkali AB, for the control of Microdochium nivale and other diseases on golf greens. Five field trials were carried out in Denmark, Sweden and Norway from October 2011 to September 2014, and Turf G+/WPG and Turf S+ were tested also in vitro. None of the test-products gave any consistent disease control in the field trials. A significant reduction in Microdochium nivale from 3 % of plot area on untreated plots to 2 % on treated plots was seen in one trial, but this was considered to be of little practical relevance. In all other trials with more severe attacks of Microdochium nivale, only the fungicide control treatment showed a significant reduction in disease compared with the untreated control. On average for all field trials over three years, the higher rate of Vacciplant, the combination of Turf G+/WPG and Turf S+/WPS, and the fungicide treatment gave, in turn, 22, 24 and 87 % less microdochium patch in the fall, but among these, only the effect of fungicide was significant. The effects of the biological products on pink or gray (Typhula incarnata) snow mold after snow melt were even smaller. In the in vitro trials, Turf S+ provided good control of Microdochium nivale at 6 and 16 ̊C, but Turf G+/WPG was effective only at the higher temperature. However, since these results could not be repeated under field conditions, we have to conclude that none of the test products represent any real alternative to fungicides for control of M. nivale or other diseases on Scandinavian golf courses.
Forfattere
Cecilie Marie Mejdell Grete H. M. Jørgensen Linda J Keeling Janne Winther Christensen Knut Egil BøeSammendrag
Group housing of horses is not very widespread, despite obvious advantages for their development and mental well-being. One often expressed rationale for this is that horse owners are worried about the risk of injuries due to kicks, bites or being chased into obstacles. To address this concern, we developed and validated a scoring system for external injuries in horses to be able to record the severity of a lesion in a standardized and simple way under field conditions. The scoring system has five categories from insignificant loss of hair to severe, life threatening injuries. It was used to categorize 1124 injuries in 478 horses. Most of these horses were allocated to groups to study the effect of group composition (i.e. same age or mixed, same gender or mixed, socially stable or unstable groups) on behaviour and injuries. The material included mainly riding and leisure purpose horses of different breeds, age and gender. Most injuries occurred the day after mixing. Injuries of the more severe categories 4 and 5, which normally would necessitate veterinary care and/or loss of function for some time, were not observed at all. The vast majority of the recorded injuries were category 1 lesions (hair loss only). A few such injuries were found on most horses, some horses had none, and a few had many. The second most common injury type was category two (abration/scrape into, but not through the skin, and/or a moderate bruise/contusion). Category 3 injuries (a minor laceration and/or contusion with obvious swelling) were only recorded in a baseline subset of 100 riding horses, there comprising 4% of the injuries. Whereas most of the injuries were found on the body, the category 3 injuries were mainly found on the limbs and head. The reason for this is probably that the skin there is tight and thus is more easily lacerated. Icelandic horses tended to have fewer and less severe injuries compared to other breeds. There was also a breed effect on location of the injuries. We conclude that the risk for serious injuries when horses are kept in groups is generally low and fear of injuries should not be a reason to prevent horses from social interaction with other horses. However, we emphasize that most of the recordings were performed during the summer period, and many horses were unshod. The situation might have been different in winter, and special caution should be taken if mixing horses shod with ice studs.
Forfattere
Karoline Høyvik Marit S. Asklien Ketil Haarstad Elin Lovise GjengedalSammendrag
Municipal solid waste landfills are expected to be potentially important sources of gaseous mercury (Hg)(Lindberg et al. 2005). Such emissions can be difficult to locate and measure, since landfills can have diffuse, non-point emissions and the gas can also escape horizontally over large distances in unsaturated layers. The primary objective in this work was to investigate the possibility of depletion of gaseous mercury by means of moss transplants. The investigation was carried out at Solgård waste disposal site, an active landfill since its start-up in 1978, located in Moss, Norway. Today the landfill is licensed as a landfill for ordinary waste. The area of the landfill is estimated to be about 204 000 m2. Goodman and Roberts (1971) first introduced the “moss bag” technique, which was later modified by Little and Martin (1974). Hylocomium splendens, known for its capability as bio monitor since 1968 (Ruhling & Tyler 1968), was collected from an uncontaminated site, dried at room temperature and loaded in fine meshed nylon nets. Moss bags were made up of a frame of 10 x 10 cm square of thin wood sticks, filled with 1 gram of moss finely distributed and covered up by the nets. The moss bags were placed in two heights, about 40 and 100 cm above ground. A total of 130 moss bags were placed at suitable locations covering the landfill surface, with special attention to such places as gas vents and locations with suspicious odours. For comparison, moss bags were also placed a couple of kilometres north, south, west and east of the landfill. The exposure time was 6 months, lasting from primo October 2013 until the end of March 2014. About 0.2 g samples of air dried moss were subjected to acid digestion in a closed microwave system (260 0C) prior to analysis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, using an Agilent 8800 QQQ instrument. Results from ongoing work will be presented. References Goodman, G. T. & Roberts, T. M. (1971). Plants and soils as indicators of metals in the air. Nature, 231 (5301): 287-292. Lindberg, S., Southworth, G., Prestbo, E., Wallschläger, D., Bogle, M. & Price, J. (2005). Gaseous methyl-and inorganic mercury in landfill gas from landfills in Florida, Minnesota, Delaware, and California. Atmospheric Environment, 39 (2): 249-258. Little, P. & Martin, M. H. (1974). Biological Monitoring of Heavy metal pollution. Environmental Pollution, 6: 1-19. Ruhling, A., & Tyler, G. (1968). An ecological approach to lead problem. Botaniska Notiser, 121(3), 21.