Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2014
Forfattere
Tore SkrøppaSammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Ricardo HolgadoSammendrag
Integrated management of Potato Cyst Nematode (Globodera Spp.) for more than half century in Norway Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera spp. are thought to have originated in the Andean region of South America, and have been introduced into Europe after 1850. In the Nordic region PCN were detected in Sweden 1922, Denmark 1928, Finland 1946, Faroe Island 1951, Island 1953, and Norway 1955 (Videgård, 1969, Øydvin, 1978). Since its first record in Norway, PCN has been managed for more than 50 years. Initially extensive surveys were carried out and strict regulations prohibiting the introduction and spread of PCN with soil and plant materials were implemented. Early control strategies included the use of chemical fumigants and resistant potato cultivars in infested fields. Much emphasis was placed on documenting freedom from PCN in the certified seed potato production. The import and movement of all kinds of potato seed was prohibited, in order to prevent the introduction of new PCN populations, and nematode spread to uninfested land. Fields infested with PCN were placed under strict quarantine. In addition to this proper crop rotation involving resistant cultivars was enhanced (Øydvin, 1978). The taxonomic separation of the yellow Globodera rostochiensis and the white species G. pallida, and the emerging information on pathotypes changed the use of resistant cultivars to avoid the increase of resistant breaking populations. Chemical fumigants, organophosphates or carbamate nematicides have not been used in Norway since more than 40 years. Today, non-virulent G. rostochiensis is managed by crop rotation, while infestations by G. pallida or virulent G. rostochiensis results in 40-years ban on growing potato (Holgado & Magnusson, 2010; 2012). The use of non-host crops and alternating susceptible and resistant potato is important, but also complicated due to restricted acreage suitable for long rotations. The safe use of resistant cultivars requires knowledge on the species and pathotypes present (Holgado & Magnusson, 2010; 2012). In a recent project the identity of several populations from the main potato districts was studied using PCR amplification of ITS regions (Bulman & Marshall, 1997). Most populations were identified as G. rostochiensis, with the exception of one, which belonged to G. pallida. The PCR amplification and sequencing of the non-coding scmt mitochondrial region confirmed the species identification, and demonstrated a close relationship to common European populations. Studies on vap1 patterns demonstrated several variants of the vap-1 gene to be present in each population, and that differences in allele frequencies between populations are minor. References Bulman SR, Marshall JW, 1997. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 25, 123-129. Holgado R, Magnusson C, 2010. Aspects of Applied Biology, 3rd Symposium on Potato Cyst Nematodes 103:87-92. Holgado R, Magnusson C, 2012. Potato Research 55, 269-278. Videgård G, 1969. Potatis 1969, 26–28. Øydvin J, 1978. Växtskyddsrapporter Avhandlingar 2, 1–37.
Forfattere
Cecilie Marie Mejdell Grete H. M. Jørgensen Linda J Keeling Janne Winther Christensen Knut Egil BøeSammendrag
Group housing of horses is not very widespread, despite obvious advantages for their development and mental well-being. One often expressed rationale for this is that horse owners are worried about the risk of injuries due to kicks, bites or being chased into obstacles. To address this concern, we developed and validated a scoring system for external injuries in horses to be able to record the severity of a lesion in a standardized and simple way under field conditions. The scoring system has five categories from insignificant loss of hair to severe, life threatening injuries. It was used to categorize 1124 injuries in 478 horses. Most of these horses were allocated to groups to study the effect of group composition (i.e. same age or mixed, same gender or mixed, socially stable or unstable groups) on behaviour and injuries. The material included mainly riding and leisure purpose horses of different breeds, age and gender. Most injuries occurred the day after mixing. Injuries of the more severe categories 4 and 5, which normally would necessitate veterinary care and/or loss of function for some time, were not observed at all. The vast majority of the recorded injuries were category 1 lesions (hair loss only). A few such injuries were found on most horses, some horses had none, and a few had many. The second most common injury type was category two (abration/scrape into, but not through the skin, and/or a moderate bruise/contusion). Category 3 injuries (a minor laceration and/or contusion with obvious swelling) were only recorded in a baseline subset of 100 riding horses, there comprising 4% of the injuries. Whereas most of the injuries were found on the body, the category 3 injuries were mainly found on the limbs and head. The reason for this is probably that the skin there is tight and thus is more easily lacerated. Icelandic horses tended to have fewer and less severe injuries compared to other breeds. There was also a breed effect on location of the injuries. We conclude that the risk for serious injuries when horses are kept in groups is generally low and fear of injuries should not be a reason to prevent horses from social interaction with other horses. However, we emphasize that most of the recordings were performed during the summer period, and many horses were unshod. The situation might have been different in winter, and special caution should be taken if mixing horses shod with ice studs.
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Jutta Kapfer Einar Heegaard Svein Olav Krøgli Christian Pedersen Gregory Taff Wenche DramstadSammendrag
Background & Aim: Land-use regimes and their changes, as well as landscape heterogeneity are key determinants of the distribution and composition of species in cultural landscapes. In European agricultural landscapes, habitat loss due to both abandonment and intensification of agriculture fields are major causes for the decline of species diversity. Landscapes that are diverse in habitats and species are important to maintain basic ecosystem functions and services as, for instance, pollination or habitat preservation. In Norway, semi-natural species-rich habitats, such as agricultural grasslands, often occur in mosaics with forests and crop fields. This research studies key information for design of conservation plans focused on these habitats, addressing how landscape structure and land-use history affect the distribution, richness and composition of species in species-rich grasslands across geographical regions. Material & Methods: We recorded vegetation (species occurrence and cover) in agricultural grasslands with varying intensity and type of use from 569 plots of 8 x 8 m size systematically distributed throughout Norway (from 64 to 78 °N latitude). To identify the most important driving factors of species diversity and composition we explored the combined effects of historic and current land-use and the spatial landscape configuration of nearby land cover types (e.g. minimum distance to or area of neighbouring wetland, forest, cultivated land) taking into account the effects of grazing, elevation, and moisture conditions. Non-metrical multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was applied to identify the most important drivers of species composition. We used Generalized Additive Mixed Models to test the relationship of these drivers with patterns in species richness. Main results & Interpretations: NMDS revealed species composition to be explained most by the distance to surface cultivated land and transportation corridors (r=0.905, p<0.001 and r=-0.982, p<0.001; 1. NMDS axis) as well as shape of the patch in which the vegetation plot is embedded (patch shape) and grazing intensity (r=0.988, p<0.001 and r=-0.952, p<0.001; 2. NMDS axis). Observed patterns in species richness were statistically significantly linked to the combined effects of elevation, grazing intensity, historical land-use, patch shape, distance to transportation corridors and forest, and area of nearest wetland. Our results demonstrate the importance of a variety of factors influencing the species composition and richness in Norwegian grasslands. We found that both the landscape element harbouring the observed plot and also the surrounding landscape structure and intensity of land-use are important determinants of species diversity. The fact that distance to more intensively managed agricultural land is one of the strongest explanatory facts signals how effects of agricultural management practices reaches outside the field itself and into adjacent landscape elements. This suggests that the entire landscape needs to be taken into consideration when management of a particular habitat patch is planned.
Forfattere
Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen Ari Hietala O. Janne Kjønaas Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Økland Ingvald RøsbergSammendrag
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