Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2002
Sammendrag
The runoff from the drainage Hydrology. A satisfactory simulation is dependent on that the amount of water, which leaches to the drainage, is reflected in the model. According to Resseler et al. (1996), the difference between the calculated and the observed amount of water should not exceed 25% during a year. For the blind test with no changes in the parameters for 1994/95, there is a difference of 45%. The main reason for this is that the model is unable to simulate the last runoff in the spring. This is a reocurring problem for all of the years, both for surface and drainage runoff. The active substance in the ditch water. All of the measured concentrations have been less than 1 µg/L. According to Resseler et al. (1996), the difference between the calculated and the observed amount should not exceed a factor of 10. All of the simulated concentrations have been within this range. Surface runoff Hydrology. The simulations of the hydrology has not exceeded the recommended limit of 25% difference between simulated and measured values. However, the simulations are poor when it comes to modelling the distribution of the runoff events throughout the year. The model simulates an earlier runoff than observed and it is also very poor at simulating the runoff in April. The active substance in the draianage water. Most of the measurements performed have given pesticide concentrations less than 1 µg/L. With the exception of a few of the measurements, all of the simulated values lie within the recommended factor of 10. Those values that differ from this, have been events where the model has simulated runoff in connection with the application of the pesticides to the field, when the volume of runoff water has been too small to sample. The total runoff of pesticides in the catchment. Table 6 displays how much the pesticide runoff constitutes in relation to the concentrations that were applied in 1993 and 1994. In total, pesticide runoff separately constitutes less than 0.1% of the amount originally applied. Surface water. Among the measured pesticides, propiconazol has the largest % runoff (0.05%). The simulated value was 0.1%, and was therefore overestimated in 1994/95, but underestimated in 1993/94. Runoff from the drainages. Only bentazone had concentrations at measurable levels. The values are within a factor of two between the simulated and the measured values for both seasons. The model underestimates the total amount of bentazone in the ditch water both years. When the runoff of the pesticides from all the plots are compared to the amount applied, the simulated results are fitting quite well within the measured range of concentrations. The factor is less than 4 between the simulated and observed concentrations for all plots and pesticides. The model overestimates the runoff of propiconazol in all plots, except one plot. Propiconazol had the highest degree of runoff in 1994/95.
Forfattere
Ole Martin Eklo Olav Lode Randi Bolli Reidun Aspmo Gunnhild Riise Tore Krogstad Brit Salbu Johannes Deelstra Randi BolliSammendrag
In the period 1993-1996 an experimental field with application of the pesticides bentazone, MCPA and dichlorprop was carried out at Mørdre in Akershus. Samples of surface and drainage water were continuous collected from the field, which were 6 ha. The field was a part of a larger area grown with small grain. Surface water samples were collected from four small plots with different soil management. Columns from three different soil types were installed in the field, to study the movement of the pesticides in the upper soil layer. Bentazone was the most frequently found pesticide and with the highest concentrations in the surface runoff. MCPA was detected at the lowest frequency and with the lowest concentration. From the periods with water flow measurements, the pesticide runoff was less than 1 % of the amount added. The concentrations in the surface water were less than 1/10000 of the L(E)C50 - value for the most sensitive water organisms used in toxicological tests. Bentazone was found in all samples of drainage water in 1995 and 1996. In drainage water the concentrations of all pesticides were less than 1/1000 of the L(E)C50 - value for the most sensitive water organism. In the column experiment, there were no indications of accumulation of pesticides in the upper soil layer and the recovery was up to 4 % of added amount one year after the last spraying.
Forfattere
Ole Martin Eklo Enrique Barriuso Sabine HouotSammendrag
Compost mixed into soil affects strongly the mobility of atrazine. The main peak of atrazine in the leachate from soil columns with compost was retarded more than 20 days compared with untreated soil. Addition of DOM-solution generated from the compost increased to some extent the mobility of atrazine. However, the DOM-solution destroyed the structure of the soil, and the soil columns were clogging after 23 days. Soil microorganisms seemed to be able to degrade part of the atrazine and organic matter in the soil columns. The effect of the organic matter on sorption and thereby reducing the mobility of atrazine was confirmed by batch experiments. De-ethyl atrazine was the most mobile degradation product and the amount of hydroxy-atrazine increased during the experiment. Addition of compost to the soil may be a method to reduce leaching to groundwater, but as addition of organic matter reduce the degradation rate, it is not evident what the total effect on risk reduction for leaching in the long term will be.
Forfattere
Gunnhild Riise Tore Krogstad Ole Martin Eklo Olav Lode Marit N. Pettersen Brit SalbuSammendrag
The risk of pesticides to reach ground water and tile drains is studied in soil columns added composted materials from domestic animals (I) and sewage sludge (II). The influence of composted material on the leaching of pesticides with different water solubility was by no means straight forward, as organic carbon might both be a mobilizing and an immobilizing factor. Betazone, a highly water soluble herbicide, was very mobile regardless of soil organic carbon content, as the pesticide peak appeared at the same time or earlier than the tracer for the water flow (3H). Propiconazole, a medium water soluble fungicide, showed generally low mobility in soils containing soil organic carbon, and decreased leaching with increased concentration of organic carbon. In contrast, alpha-cypermethrin, an insecticide with very low water solubility, showed increased leaching through columns added composted materials, indicating that dissolved organic carbon act as a carrier for this non-polar pesticide. With respect to bound residues retained in the columns at the end of the leaching experiments, addition of composted material from sewage sludge seemed to enhance the leaching of bound residues of both [14C]bentazone and [14C]propiconazole, as the bound residues was transported deeper into the soil columns added sewage sludge compared to the control columns. On the other hand, the bound residues of [14C]alpha-cypermethrin, were retained in the upper few cm of the soil columns regardless of content or type of soil organic carbon.
Forfattere
Brit Salbu Marit N. Pettersen Gunnhild Riise Tore Krogstad Ole Martin Eklo Olav LodeSammendrag
Information on the mobility of pesticides in soil-water systems is essential for assessing the environmental impact for receiving waters such as surface runoff and transport to rivers and lakes or infiltration to ground water supplies. The present work demonstrates that the herbicide Bentazon, being a weak acid, was water soluble and mobile in soil-organic material systems. The sorption was relatively high at low pH and decreased for pH higher than 4. The sorption was influenced by the addition of organic material, especially composts having high TOC (compost from domestic animal). Low Kd/TOC and low Kd/CEC ratios for soil-compost mixtures indicated that TOC and the cation exchange capacities of the organic material were important for retention of Bentazon in organic soils. Sequential extractions demonstrated also that all Bentazon could be reversibly extracted with electrolytes having sufficient ionic strength. Thus, the mobile fraction of Bentazon depends on the ionic strength in the soil solution, reflecting that ion exchange mechanisms are of major importance. The sorption of the non-polar insecticide Alpha-cypermethrin was high to all soil-compost systems investigated. The distribution coefficient Kd and the low Kd/TOC and Kd/CEC ratios demonstrated that organic material being rich in TOC and to a certain extent in CEC played an important role for sorption of Alpha-cypermethrin. Thus, the retention of "-Cypermethrin in soils could be attributed to association to TOC in soils, depending on the nature and concentration of the organic material. As the fraction of Alpha-cypermethrin extracted by rainwater was surprisingly high (40-60 %), the mobility was attributed to the association of low molecular mass organic material or organic colloids from the composts present in the soil solutions. The present work demonstrates that Bentazon should be mobile, while Alpha-cypermethrin should be retained in soil-organic material systems under soil solution pH conditions. Following heavy rain, Bentazon should follow the water transport, as runoff or ground infiltration and the mobile fraction should increase with increasing ionic strength of the soil solutions. The mobility of Alpha-cypermethrin should be low, but could increase significantly if associated to mobile low molecular mass organic compounds present in soil solutions.
Forfattere
Olav Lode Eliann Egaas Torsten Källqvist Gunnhild Riise Agnethe Christiansen Ole Martin Eklo Marit Almvik Reidun Aspmo Karl Jan Aanes Bjørn Almli Tore Krogstad Quinglan Wu Brit Salbu Marit N. Pettersen Agnethe ChristiansenSammendrag
Dette er ei bok på 216 sider som er skrevet på engelsk. Den inneholder 17 artikler. Fem institusjoner står bak og 21 forfattere har bidratt. Institusjonene er Planteforsk Plantevernet, Norges landbrukshøyskole (NLH), Senter for jordfaglig miljøforskning (Jordforsk), Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA) og Veterinærinstituttet. Bokens hovedformål er knyttet til miljørisiko av plantevernmidler som bindes til partikler og sedimenteres ut i vann og vassdrag. Blikket blir spesielt rettet mot to forhold: a) Beskrive fordeling og nedbryting av de utvalgte plantevernmidler i sedimenter og vannfase. Denne delen er knyttet til mobilitet, binding, utvasking, nedbryting, overflateavrenning og jordarbeiding. Både jordkolonneforsøk og feltforsøk er utført. Den andre delen b) gir en vurdering av de utvalgte partikkelbundne plantevernmidlene og deres effekter på organismer i sediment og vannfase. Arbeidet knytter seg dels til avgiftningsenzym som biomarkører hos eksponerte organismer som tanglopper, rumpetroll, sneile, meitemark,vannlopper og ørret, dels på effekter (kolonisering) på begroingsalger i førsøksrenner. Arbeidet er utført i tiden fra 1992 til og med 2002. Når det gjelder mer utførlig informasjon om resultat og oppdatert litteratur, viser vi til de respektive artiklene.
Sammendrag
Forsøk med vekstregulering i julestjerne gikk ut på å kartlegge om sterk temperaturdropp, ulike doseringer av cycocel sprøyting og modifisering av lyskvaliteten under dyrkingen har innflytelse på strekningsvekst, blomsterutvikling og holdbarhet hos "Lilo" og nye sorter som er blitt introdusert på markedet.
Sammendrag
Artikkelen gir en oversikt, med bilder, over kjente årsaker til bladdeformasjoner i julestjerne. Det er utført en rekke forsøk for å finne forklaringer på spontane bladdeformasjoner som opptrer fra tid til annen i julestjernekulturen. Så langt er det klart ar virus ikke er årsak til de vanligste skadene.
Sammendrag
Artikkelen gir en oversikt over historien til vekstformen på moderne julestjernesorter. Forgreiningen til de julestjernesortene vi dyrker som potteplanter kommer fra samspillet mellom plantene og et fytoplasma, en veggløs bakterietype
Sammendrag
Forsøk med økende daglengde med vekstlys i avslutningen av kulturen i julestjerne har vist: Sorten "Lilo" utvikler seg ikke raskere selv om lysmengden øker, sorten får også lys-skader og dårligere holdbarhet. Sorten "Millenium" får ingen synlige skader og utvikler seg raskere ved økte daglengder. Begge sortene får redusert holdbarhet ved daglengder over 12 t.