Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2006
Forfattere
Solveig HaukelandSammendrag
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are used for biological control of the soil dwelling stages of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, a serious pest of ornamentals and field grown strawberries. The nematodes Heterorhabditis megidis, H. bacteriophora and Steinernema kraussei are commercially available in Europe for control of the vine weevil. S. kraussei is sold as a cold active strain for use outdoors at low temperatures. In southern Norway, several field trials were conducted in strawberries to examine the effect of S. kraussei on vine weevil larvae at low temperatures. The trials were assessed one month after nematode treatments and showed rather poor effect at soil temperatures below 12oC. Further work is necessary to investigate the long-term effect of the applied nematodes as well as biotic and abiotic factors that may affect nematode efficacy. For comparison, the nematode H. megidis was used in these same trials and the results showed that this species is effective at soil temperatures above 12oC, there was no indication that H. megidis had any effect at low temperatures.
Forfattere
Solveig HaukelandSammendrag
In Scandinavia studies on entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) began in Denmark more than 70 years ago and two new species in the genus Steinernema were described (Bovien 1937). In Sweden, a few decades later, Pye and Burman (1978) studied the use of Steinernema spp. against the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) in forestry for the first time. Today the use of epn in Scandinavia is, like most countries, most successful and most commonly employed in protected environments such as glasshouses. Use outdoors is mostly in strawberries or in nurseries against root weevils (Otiorhynchus spp.) but in general the use outdoors is still rather limited. The potential for using epn in forestry against the large pine weevil (H. abietis) has not yet been realized. For Sweden with its large forested areas it may be difficult to use epn due to immigration of the pest from surrounding forests. The use of epn in smaller Norwegian forests may be more feasible where immigration of the pest may be less of a problem. The use of epn in a slow release system (`Nemabag") against pests, such as the pollen beetle and flea beetle (Meligethes aeneus and Phyllotreta spp.) in arable crops, has been studied in Finland. Use of epn in private gardens has not been monitored, but there appears to be great interest in using epn to control grubs such as the garden chafer (Phyllopertha horticola), which is an increasing problem in many countries. In Denmark Heterorhabditis bacteriophora has been tested, not always successfully, against P. horticola on golf courses. Another beneficial nematode, pathogenic to slugs, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is also on the market in some of the countries for use against the important slug pests Deroceras reticulatum and Arion lusitanicus. The latter species is becoming increasingly important as a pest not only in private gardens but also in cultivated crops such as strawberries.
Forfattere
Solveig HaukelandSammendrag
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are used for biological control of the soil dwelling stages of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, a serious pest of ornamentals and field grown strawberries. Several nematode species such as Heterorhabditis megidis, H. bacteriophora and Steinernema kraussei are commercially available in Europe for control of the vine weevil. S. kraussei is sold as a cold active strain for use outdoors at low temperatures. In southern Norway, several field trials have been conducted to examine the effect of S. kraussei on vine weevil larvae at low temperatures. The trials were assessed one month after nematode treatments and showed rather poor effect at soil temperatures below 12oC. Further work is necessary to investigate the long-term effect of the applied nematodes as well as biotic and abiotic factors that may affect nematode efficacy.
Sammendrag
The presence of Steinernema carpocapsae is reported for the first time in a Nordic country. Entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated from soil in apple orchards in Western Norway. Nematodes in the genus Steinernema were present in 11.9% of the samples including a population of S. carpocapsae. According to our knowledge the presence of S. carpocapsae is rare in northern Europe, and a report several years ago of this species from northern Sweden appears to have been S. feltiae not S. carpocapsae. This paper also presents an overview of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Nordic countries where the following species are reported: S. affine; S. bicornotum; S. carpocapsae; S. feltiae; S. intermedium; S. kraussei; S. silvaticum; `Steinernema sp. C1", `Steinernema sp. E"; Heterorhabditis downesii and H. megidis. The occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Nordic countries is based on area-wide surveys for some of the countries.
Forfattere
A.P. Maerere E.R. Mgembe S. Mwaitulo M.W. Mwatawala L.T. Nsemwa A. Ndunguru Carl Jonas Jorge Spetz May-Guri Saethre E.M. Senkondo E. Rwambali K.K. MwajombeSammendrag
A survey was conducted in Morogoro, Mbeya and Coast regions, using a structured questionnaire and field visits, to evaluate the diversity of banana grown, distribution systems of banana planting materials, agronomic and pest management practices and gender characteristics of banana production. A total of 108 households were interviewed in 11 villages. The interviewees consisted of 78.7% males and 21.3% females. Banana cultivars grown were diverse and use being different and more or less location specific. 24.3% of respondents grow cultivar Mtwike and 18.7% grow cultivars Mzuzu as their most important varieties, 16.7%, 9.8%, and 14.7% grow Mzuzu, Mtwike and Uganda, respectively, as their second most important varieties. In respect to variety characteristics, 22.9% preferred varieties with big bunches, 19% early maturing, 14.3% marketable, 10.5% long fingers and 9.5% with high resistance to pests. The main sources of banana planting materials for farmers are neighbours (60%) and Sokoine University of Agriculture (22.4%). About 17.3% obtain planting materials from their own fields, 19.6% use in-vitro materials and 80.4% use conventional materials. Few farmers (37.2%) received training on banana production with 22.7% trained at SUA. Farmers were not able to name pests attacking the crop. However, cultivars Mtwike, Kambani, Uganda and Matoke are considered to be more prone to pests. About 54.5% of the farmers use uprooting as a major pests control measure while 27.3% and 9.1% use chemicals and field sanitation measures, respectively. 51.1% apply organic fertilizers, 56.2% use bamboo as propping material. Gender role is very much pronounced in decision-making. For most activities, men featured as the decision makers. Land preparation is men"s activity (69.3%). Introduction of new cultivars that will be resistant to pests, training in cultural practices and establishment of centres for distribution of appropriate planting materials were considered to be important interventions required by farmers.
Forfattere
B.K. Sitaula May-Guri Saethre H. BhattaraiSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Therese With Berge Jan NetlandSammendrag
Status i Norge og internasjonalt presenteres.
Sammendrag
VIPS (Varsling Innen PlanteSkadegjørere) has been developed under a government-funded action for reducing risk connected to the use of pesticides. Inputs to the forecasting models are weather data from the Bioforsk Agrometeorological Service consisting of a network of 80 weather stations, weather forecasts from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and biological observations from the Norwegian Agricultural Extension Service. The service is open for the public, free of charge at www.vips-landbruk.no. At the moment VIPS includes forecasts for Stagonospora nodorum (glume blotch), Drechslera teres (net/spot blotch), Rhynchosporium secalis (scald), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oil seed rape, Phytophthora infestans (potato late blight), Mamestra brassicae (cabbage moth), Delia radicum (cabbage root fly), Psila rosae (carrot root fly), Venturia inequalis (apple scab), Cydia pomonella (apple moth) and Botrytis cinerea in strawberry. Models for additional pests/diseases are under development. During the growing season the occurrence of several pests and diseases are recorded through a message system. VIPS also includes a programme to assess the need for control of weeds in cereal fields (choice of herbicide(s) and calculation of doses). Current development aim at transferring the service from weatherstation-based to farm-based pest forecasts. Use of radar measurements of precipitation in combination with online interpolation of the other weather factors from nearest weather stations is expected to improve precision in the pest forecasts as well as farmers "ownership" to the information presented.
Sammendrag
Increasing levels of Fusarium mycotoxins have been recorded in Norwegian cereals during the last few years. In 2004, unusual high levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) were recorded, in particular in oats (e.g. 25-30 000 ppb) and some alarming levels of T-2 and HT-2 were recorded in 2005, also in oats. Due to the lack of effective control measures, FHB and mycotoxin contamination poses a significant threat to the yield and quality of cereals. Today only a very limited number of check samples of grains used for food and fodder are tested for mycotoxin content. To reduce the risk of contaminated cereals entering the food and feed processing chain, a four-year project (2006-2009) has been started, with the aim to develop a strategy for identification and discarding of unsuitable grain lots. Because there will be impracticable to analyse every lot the basis for a three-step screening system will be established: 1 - Development of prediction models based on information about effects of agronomic/cultivation practice and climatic conditions, for selection of putative `high-risk" fields/lots; 2 " Selection of a suitable and rapid testing method with capacity to screen a large number of samples for relevant mycotoxins at low costs, for testing of `high-risk" lots; 3 " Chemical toxin analyses of grain lots found to be highly contaminated in step 2. Fusarium avenaceum , F. culmorum, F. poae and F. tricinctum have been the most frequently recorded Fusarium species on cereals in Norway for many years. However, more recently also F. graminearum has occurred more frequently and F. langsethia has been detected especially in oats. Investigations will be carried out to see if there has been a change in the composition of Fusarium species.
Forfattere
Dag-Ragnar BlystadSammendrag
Friskt, sortsekte utgangsmateriale for formering av vegetativt formerte vekster er et viktig tiltak for å bekjempe virus og bakterier. Enkelte arter av sopp, nematoder og insekter kan også følge plantematerialet, og et friskt formeringsmateriale er en forutsetning for en vellykket bekjempelse. Prosessen for å framstille et slikt materiale kalles fremavl. Fremavl krever samspill mellom brukere, foredlere, FoU-miljøer, kontrollorganer og politiske myndigheter. Et slikt samspill er godt utviklet i Norge og gir sammen med et kjølig klima og god avstand mellom produksjonsenhetene gode muligheter for produksjon av friskt plantemateriale. Artiklen beskriver det norske fremavlssystemet og beskriver eksempler på vellykket bruk og markedsføring av fremavls-materiale av blomster og grøntanleggsplanter.