Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2008
Forfattere
Hugh RileySammendrag
Yield results for the last decade are presented from eight long-term trials (started 1977-1991) on loam and clay loams in southeast Norway. Autumn ploughing has been compared with reduced (ploughless) tillage and/or direct drilling. In most cases, spring cereals were grown. Perennial weeds have been sprayed with herbicides when necessary. Fungicides were not used in the trials. In most trials straw residues were chopped and spread. On loam soils, the effects of tillage on yields were mostly similar to those obtained in earlier years. In Trial 1, on loam, mean grain yield was, with spring harrowing only, 95% of that with annual autumn ploughing. It was 96% when harrowing was performed in autumn as well as in spring and 97% when the soil was ploughed every third year. In Trial 2, on loam, positive crop rotation effects were found both with and without ploughing. Reduced tillage, with spring harrowing only, gave 5% lower grain yield than autumn ploughing in this trial also. In Trial 3, on loam, the tillage system did not affect yields of cereals grown in rotation with potatoes, but reduced tillage gave 12% lower potato yield than annual ploughing. In this trial, little difference was found between tillage systems in crop responses to N fertilizer. In Trial 4, on loam, reduced tillage on large-scale (0.7 ha) plots gave 11% lower grain yields than annual ploughing, possibly partly due to shallower sowing depth. In trials on loam soil, the percentage yields obtained without ploughing, relative to those with ploughing, correlated positively with the amount of rainfall in May and with mean air temperature in August. On clay soils. somewhat poorer results have been obtained with reduced tillage in recent years than in previous periods. In Trial 5, on clay loam, the mean grain yield with spring harrowing only, was, over the last ten years, 87% of that obtained with annual autumn ploughing, whereas it was 94% for the whole period since 1991. The inclusion of autumn harrowing increased these figures to 94% and 98%, respectively. Grain protein was lowest with spring harrowing only. Over the last six years, when a treatment with spring ploughing was introduced, this gave 5% lower yield than autumn ploughing. Yields without ploughing, relative to those with ploughing, were negatively correlated with summer rainfall in this trial. In Trial 6, on clay loam, direct drilling has since 1998, as in previous years, given ca. 10% lower yield than autumn ploughing. Autumn harrowing gave 4% lower yield in winter wheat and 6% higher yield in spring oats, than autumn ploughing, whilst yields of spring turnip rape were not affected by tillage. In Trial 7, on clay loam, six alternative straw treatments were compared under various ploughless tillage regimes. Relative to straw removal, retaining large residue amounts depressed yields hardly at all when harrowing was performed in both autumn and spring, but it reduced them by 7% with spring harrowing only and by 13% with direct drilling. The latter system gave on average 18% lower yields than the system with both autumn and spring harrowing. The yield reduction with spring harrowing was 7%. In Trial 8, on silt loam, both direct drilling and spring harrowing of unploughed soil have since 1998 given 6% lower yield than autumn ploughing, whereas both autumn and spring harrowing has given 6% higher yield than ploughing. In this trial, under drier conditions during 1991-1997, unploughed treatments gave up to 11% higher yield than autumn ploughing. Straw retention was beneficial on unploughed treatments during that period, but has had little effect recently.
Forfattere
Unni AbrahamsenSammendrag
Foredrag på markdag med praktiske anbefalinger om tiltak mot sopp i hvete og i åkerbønne ut i fra årets værforhold så langt i sesongen.
Forfattere
J. Petersen L. Mattsson H. Riley T. Salo G. Thorvaldsson B.T. ChristensenSammendrag
Nordic long continued agricultural soil experiments initiated before 1990 have been identified and are described. An inventory has been established from which information on each long-term experiment (LTE) can be down-loaded (www.planteinfo.dk/Nordic-LTE). The inventory includes 38 experimental plans for ongoing LTEs in Norway (10), Sweden (14), Finland (5), Estonia (1) and Denmark (8).
Forfattere
Anne-Grete Buseth Blankenberg Stein Turtumøygard Annelene Pengerud Håkon Borch Eva Skarbøvik Lillian Øygarden Marianne Bechmann Nina M. Syversen Nils VagstadSammendrag
På oppdrag fra Vannområdeutvalget Morsa er det gjennomført beregninger av tiltakseffekter for gjennomførte tiltak innen spredt avløp, kommunale renseanlegg og avrenning fra jordbruksarealer i Morsa for perioden 2000 - 2006. Det er også sammenlignet endringer av kjemisk og økologisk status med teoretiske beregnete tiltakseffekter i nedbørfeltet. Fosfortilførsler fra spredt avløp er beregnet redusert med 57 % (fra 2,3 tonn pr år til 1,0 tonn pr år) fra 2000 til 2006. Basert på en ny beregningsmetode er tilførslene fra kommunalt avløp beregnet til 0,6 tonn pr år i 2005, mot 1,2 tonn pr år i 2000. Årlig fosfortap fra jordbruksarealer ble i 2000 beregnet til 12,2 tonn P, herav bakgrunnsavrenning 1,1 tonn P, det vil si en tilførsel på 11,1 tonn "antropogent" P fra jordbruksarealene. Effekten av endret jordarbeiding (3,7 tonn P), samt effekten av vegetasjonssoner og fangdammer (1,1 tonn P) gir en fosforavrenning fra jordbruksarealer på 6,3 tonn P i 2006. Totalt har jordbruket redusert tilførslene med 43 % i 2006 sammenlignet med nivået i 2000. Sammenlignet med overvåkingen viser de teoretiske beregningene at på tross av en middels til høy grad av tiltaksgjennomføring både innen jordbruk, samt kommunalt- og spredt avløp, er vannkvaliteten (basert på kjemiske parametre) fremdeles å anse som dårlig til meget dårlig i flere delnedbørfelt. Vannkvaliteten er klassifisert som meget dårlig i Hobølelva, Kråkstadelva og Veidalselva, dårlig i Mørkelva, Sæyvannet/Svinna, bekkefelt til Storefjorden og bekkefelt til Vanemfjorden, og moderat i Mjær. Det har vært noe forbedring i vannkvaliteten i flere delnedbørfelt både med tanke på kjemisk og biologisk tilstand, men fosfortapene fra både jordbruk og spredt avløp er i enkelte felt fremdeles svært høye, og flere tiltak bør iverksettes for å oppnå bedret vannkvalitet.
Konferansebidrag og faglig presentasjon – Strategier for soppbekjempelse i åkerbønne
Unni Abrahamsen
Forfattere
Unni AbrahamsenSammendrag
Foredraget oppsummerte forsøkene med strategier for soppbekjempelse i åkerbønne. I forsøkene har relativt sein behandling gitt best sjukdomskontroll. Av midlene som er på markedet har Signum gitt de beste resultatene. Valg av dose bør imildertid sees i sammenheng med bahndlingstidspunkt og tidlighet/sort.
Forfattere
Hugh RileySammendrag
Use of mineral NPK fertilizer and animal manure has been compared since 1922 in two trials on morainic loam soil at a former research station, Møystad, near Hamar, southeast Norway. Yield results for the period 1983-2003 were reported recently (Riley 2007). During this time cattle manure at rates of 20, 40 and 60 Mg ha-1 yr-1 gave 81%, 87% and 90%, respectively, of the yields obtained using 100 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and adequate P and K supply, in mineral fertilizer. Approximate balance between the supply and takeoff of N, P and K was achieved at the lowest manure rate, but higher manure rates resulted in large surpluses of all three nutrients. In order to study possible residual effects, no manure has been applied from 2004 to 2007, and mineral fertilizer has been withheld from one of the NPK treatments in each trial. The residual effects are evaluated in relation to both control plots that have not been fertilized since before 1922 and plots that have received 100 kg N, 25 kg P and 120 kg K ha-1 yr-1. Cropping in these four years was 2nd-4th year timothy/meadow fescue ley followed by oats. No residual effects of the mineral fertilizer treatments were found. Previous use of manure, on the other hand, has given large residual effects, with only a slight decline over the four years. These responses in relation to the use of mineral fertilizer and the residual supply of N, P and K from manure, estimated from its uptake in crops, will be presented at the seminar.
Forfattere
Unni AbrahamsenSammendrag
Utfordringene ved dyrkinga av åkerbønne er først og fremst knyttet til tidlighet og til sjukdomsproblematikk. Tidlig såing er dermed svært viktig. Når det gjelder sjukdommene, mangler en fortsatt mye kunnskap. For produsenten er det derfor viktig å følge med på de råd som blir gitt.
Forfattere
Ragnhild Nærstad Vinh Hong Le Arne Hermansen Asko Hannukkala Bent J. Nielsen Jens Grønbech Hansen Lina Grönberg Björn Andersson Jonathan YuenSammendrag
A new potato late blight forecasting model based on hourly weather date is developed based on trials with spore traps and trap plants. The model is built up of sub models for for the different steps in the epidemiological cycle, spore production, release, survival and infection. Long humid periods are suitable for spore production, at moderate humidity the process goes slower. The amount of viable attached sporangia is reduced by drought, and some spores are washed off during rain. Spores are released into the air by a drop in humidity or increased radiation, but the release is inhibited at high leaf wetness. The amount of viable released spores is strongly inhibited by solar radiation. The spore load is also reduced by precipitation and by germination. The leaf wetness duration have to sufficient for the spores to germinate and infect. The risk of blight development is a function of the amount of viable released spores and the duration of leaf wetness.
Forfattere
Ragnhild Nærstad Lars MøllerSammendrag
Three years trials with cyazofamid (Ranman plus the adjuvant Additive for Ranman) shows god effect against potato late blight compared to untreated. The effect against potato late blight has been on the same level as other tested fungicides with no significant difference. In 2008 Ranman has been tested in combination with two different dose rates of the adjuvant Renol. The two trials have shown good effect of Ranman in combination with Renol with no significant difference in control of late blight between the tested dose rates of Renol and no significant difference between the two adjuvants Renol and Additive for Ranman.
Forfattere
Ragnhild Nærstad Arne Hermansen Vinh Hong Le Bent J. Nielsen Jens Grønbech Hansen Hans Pinnschmidt Asko HannukkalaSammendrag
The existing potato late blight forecast and decision support systems used in the Nordic countries are based on data from the 1930s and the 1950-60s on how temperature and humidity influence Phytophthora infestans epidemiology. Influence of weather conditions on sporangium production, release, viability and infection of P. infestans was investigated in Denmark, Norway and Finland using Burkard spore traps and exposure of trap plants in field plots in 2005-2007. Large amounts of sporangia were trapped after nights with long periods with high humidity. Sporangia produced in one humidity period were mainly released at the first humidity drop in the morning hours, but there were also some periods with delayed sporangium release. Local new infections occurred mainly during the morning hours when leaves were still wet. On many days sporangia did not survive until the afternoon and the results indicate that conditions for survival of sporangia and infection are major bottlenecks for the spread and development of the disease. These results have important implications for practice. Survival of sporangia and infection must be better integrated into the calculation of "risky days" in late blight forecasting systems.