Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2021
Sammendrag
The effect of the projected 21st century climate change on water quality in Old Woman Creek (OWC) watershed was evaluated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the precipitation and temperature projections from three best Global Climate Circulation Model (GCM)l ensemble downloaded from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). These three best GCMs (GFDL-ESM2M, MPI-ESM-MR, EC-EARTH) were identified as those closest to the multivariate ensemble average of twenty different GCM-driven SWAT simulations. Seasonal analysis was undertaken in historical (1985–2014), current to near future (2018–2045), mid-century (2046–2075), and late-century (2076–2100) climate windows. The hydrological model calibration was carried out using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and pareto optimization. Simulations were made for stream flow and nine water quality variables (sediment, organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, mineral phosphorus, chlorophyll a, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus) of interest. The average of twenty different CMIP5-driven SWAT simulation results showed good correlation for all the 10 variables with the PRISM-driven SWAT simulation results in the historical climate window (1985–2014). For the historical period, the result shows an over-estimation of flow, sediment, and organic nitrogen from January to March in simulations with CMIP5 inputs, relative to simulations with PRISM input. For the other climate windows, the simulation results show a progressive increase in stream flow with peak flow month shifting from April to March. The expected seasonal changes in each water quality variable have implications for the OWC estuary and Lake Erie water quality.
Forfattere
Diana Saplacan Weria Khaksar Jim TørresenSammendrag
This paper presents some of the ethical challenges that current care robots raise in home- and healthcare services for senior adults (≥65 years). The paper is grounded in some of the state-of-the-art projects within the area of care robotics.Further, the paper identifies and discusses several central challenges raised by using robots as part of care services for the elderly people. The paper contributes to the ethical debate on the implications care robots may have for the practical context of healthcare. In addition, the paper summarizes the main lines of the EU legal approach to AI robotic technology, offering a comprehensive picture of the existing regulatory, theoretical and research gaps, compelling the need of an interdisciplinary ethical reflection on care robots. Finally, the discussion is then balanced by some of the opportunities the care robots may provide for the care services.
Forfattere
Peter Horvath Hui Tang Rune Halvorsen Frode Stordal Lena M. Tallaksen Terje Koren Berntsen Anders BrynSammendrag
Vegetation is an important component in global ecosystems, affecting the physical, hydrological and biogeochemical properties of the land surface. Accordingly, the way vegetation is parameterized strongly influences predictions of future climate by Earth system models. To capture future spatial and temporal changes in vegetation cover and its feedbacks to the climate system, dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are included as important components of land surface models. Variation in the predicted vegetation cover from DGVMs therefore has large impacts on modelled radiative and non-radiative properties, especially over high-latitude regions. DGVMs are mostly evaluated by remotely sensed products and less often by other vegetation products or by in situ field observations. In this study, we evaluate the performance of three methods for spatial representation of present-day vegetation cover with respect to prediction of plant functional type (PFT) profiles – one based upon distribution models (DMs), one that uses a remote sensing (RS) dataset and a DGVM (CLM4.5BGCDV; Community Land Model 4.5 Bio-Geo-Chemical cycles and Dynamical Vegetation). While DGVMs predict PFT profiles based on physiological and ecological processes, a DM relies on statistical correlations between a set of predictors and the modelled target, and the RS dataset is based on classification of spectral reflectance patterns of satellite images. PFT profiles obtained from an independently collected field-based vegetation dataset from Norway were used for the evaluation. We found that RS-based PFT profiles matched the reference dataset best, closely followed by DM, whereas predictions from DGVMs often deviated strongly from the reference. DGVM predictions overestimated the area covered by boreal needleleaf evergreen trees and bare ground at the expense of boreal broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs. Based on environmental predictors identified by DM as important, three new environmental variables (e.g. minimum temperature in May, snow water equivalent in October and precipitation seasonality) were selected as the threshold for the establishment of these high-latitude PFTs. We performed a series of sensitivity experiments to investigate if these thresholds improve the performance of the DGVM method. Based on our results, we suggest implementation of one of these novel PFT-specific thresholds (i.e. precipitation seasonality) in the DGVM method. The results highlight the potential of using PFT-specific thresholds obtained by DM in development of DGVMs in broader regions. Also, we emphasize the potential of establishing DMs as a reliable method for providing PFT distributions for evaluation of DGVMs alongside RS.
Forfattere
Michal Hájek Borja Jiménez-Alfaro Ondřej Hájek Lisa Brancaleoni Marco Cantonati Michele Carbognani Anita Dedić Daniel Dítě Renato Gerdol Petra Hájková Veronika Horsáková Florian Jansen Jasmina Kamberović Jutta Kapfer Tiina Hilkka Maria Kolari Mariusz Lamentowicz Predrag Lazarević Ermin Mašić Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund Aaron Pérez-Haase Tomáš Peterka Alessandro Petraglia Eulàlia Pladevall-Izard Zuzana Plesková Stefano Segadelli Yuliya Semeniuk Patrícia Singh Anna Šímová Eva Šmerdová Teemu Tahvanainen Marcello Tomaselli Yuliya Vystavna Claudia Biţă-Nicolae Michal HorsákSammendrag
Water resources and associated ecosystems are becoming highly endangered due to ongoing global environmental changes. Spatial ecological modelling is a promising toolbox for understanding the past, present and future distribution and diversity patterns in groundwater-dependent ecosystems, such as fens, springs, streams, reed beds or wet grasslands. Still, the lack of detailed water chemistry maps prevents the use of reasonable models to be applied on continental and global scales. Being major determinants of biological composition and diversity of groundwater-dependent ecosystems, groundwater pH and calcium are of utmost importance. Here we developed an up-to-date European map of groundwater pH and Ca, based on 7577 measurements of near-surface groundwater pH and calcium distributed across Europe. In comparison to the existing European groundwater maps, we included several times more sites, especially in the regions rich in spring and fen habitats, and filled the apparent gaps in eastern and southeastern Europe. We used random forest models and regression kriging to create continuous maps of water pH and calcium at the continental scale, which is freely available also as a raster map (Hájek et al., 2020b; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4139912). Lithology had a higher importance than climate for both pH and calcium. The previously recognised latitudinal and altitudinal gradients were rediscovered with much refined regional patterns, as associated with bedrock variation. For ecological models of distribution and diversity of many terrestrial ecosystems, our new map based on field groundwater measurements is more suitable than maps of soil pH, which mirror not only bedrock chemistry but also vegetation-dependent soil processes.
Sammendrag
Pollination sustains biodiversity and food security, but pollinators are threatened by habitat degradation, fragmentation, and loss. We assessed how remaining forest influenced bee visits to flowers in an oil palm-dominated landscape in Borneo. We observed bee visits to six plant species: four crops (Capsicum frutescens L. “chili”; Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai “watermelon”; Solanum lycopersicum L. “tomato”; and Solanum melongena L. “eggplant”); one native plant Melastoma malabathricum L. “melastome”; and the exotic Turnera subulata Smith “turnera”. We made one local grid-based and one landscape-scale transect-based study spanning 208 and 2130 m from forest, respectively. We recorded 1249 bee visits to 4831 flowers in 1046 ten-min observation periods. Visit frequency varied among plant species, ranging from 0 observed visits to S. lycopersicum to a mean of 0.62 visits per flower per 10 min to C. lanatus. Bee visitation frequency declined with distance from forest in both studies, with expected visitation frequency decreasing by 55% and 66% at the maximum distance from forest in each study. We also tested whether the distance to the nearest oil palm patch, with a maximum distance of 144 m, influenced visitation, but found no such associations. Expected visitation frequency was 70%–77% lower for plants close to a 200 ha forest fragment compared with those near large continuous forests (>400 ha). Our results suggest that, although found throughout the oil palm-dominated landscape, bees depend on remaining forests. Larger forests support more bees, though even a 50 ha fragment has a positive contribution. Abstract in Indonesian is available with online material.
Sammendrag
In the Bramke valley (western Harz mountains, North Germany), three forested headwater catchments have been monitored since decades. A broad range of observables relevant to forestry, hydrology, hydrochemistry and ecosystem research allows to compare different approaches to environmental monitoring; each of them has its own set of relevant observables. The basic temporal resolution is daily for hydrometeorology and bi-weekly for streamwater chemistry; standing biomass of the Norway spruce stands is measured every couple of years. Tree growth (site index) has changed between and within rotation periods (of up to 129 years); changes in soil nutrient pools are typical variables used to explain this nonstationary forest growth when the spatial-temporal scales match. In hydrology, transport mechanisms of water and solutes through catchment soils are used to model and predict runoff and its chemistry. Given the homogeneity of the area in terms of geology, soils and topography as well as climate, differences between the catchments in the Bramke valley are mostly related to forestry variables. The catchments exhibit long-term changes and spatial gradients related to atmospheric deposition, management and changing climate. After providing a short multivariate summary of the dataset, we present several nonlinear metrics suitable to detect and quantify subtle changes and to describe different behavior, both between different variables from the same catchment, as well as for the same variable across catchments. Soil water potential and solution chemistry are further links between forestry and hydrology. However, at Lange Bramke, similar to other catchment studies, the evaluation of these data sets has not converged to a consistent, realistic model at the catchment scale. We hypothesize that this lack of model integration is due to theoretical rather than technical limits. A possible representation of these limits might be phrased in a category theory approach. How to cite: Hauhs, M., Meesenburg, H., and Lange, H.: Long-term monitoring of vegetation and hydrology in headwater catchments and the difficulties to embrace data-oriented and process-oriented approaches, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-7684, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7684, 2021.
Sammendrag
Det er et mål at formeringsmateriale som brukes i økologisk landbruk skal være økologisk framstilt. For å oppfylle dette vil det i EU-forordningen om økologisk landbruk bli forbud mot bruk av konvensjonelt formeringsmateriale i økologisk produksjon fra 2037. En innstramming er forventet i EU-forordning om økologisk landbruk fra 2022, og denne vil etter all sannsynlighet også bli implementert i norsk regelverk. Målet med denne rapporten har vært å kartlegge status for bruk av formeringsmateriale i økologisk landbruk i Norge og utrede muligheter og flaskehalser for å øke tilbudet og oppnå full dekning av økologisk formeringsmateriale innen 2037. Arbeidet er gjort på oppdrag fra Mattilsynet og Regelverksutvalget for økologisk produksjon og omsetning av økologiske produkter (RVU). Informasjonen til rapporten er hentet fra databasen Økofrø, litteratur og ulike aktører innen salg, produksjon og foredling. Arbeidet har vært konsentrert om formeringsmateriale til produsenter med salg av Ø-merkete produkter. Status er at tilbudet av økologisk formeringsmateriale ikke dekker behovet. Frøblandinger av engog beitefrø til den største produksjonen på norsk økologisk areal dekker 80-90 % av etterspørselen. Den relativt gode dekningen skyldes først og fremst at det er tillatt å blande inn inntil 30 % konvensjonell såvare. Tilbudet av økologisk såkorn dekker rundt 50 % av etterspørselen. Utvalget av sorter er svært begrenset, men for bygg, havre og vårhvete tilbys vanligvis norsk såvare. Økologisk såvare av erter og åkerbønner dekker ca. 40 % av etterspørselen, men bare utenlandsk såvare tilbys. For andre åkervekster som f.eks. poteter og oljevekster tilbys ikke økologisk formeringsmateriale. Det er ingen registrert produksjon av økologisk formeringsmateriale for frukt og bær i Norge. Økologiske jordbærplanter importeres fra Nederland. Status for ulike grønnsakarter varierer, men generelt gis det årlig mange dispensasjoner for bruk av konvensjonelle grønnsaksfrø. Alt frø til økologisk dyrking i veksthus blir importert. Formeringsmateriale kan komme fra nasjonal produksjon eller ved import. Nasjonal produksjon er vanskelig bla. på grunn av et svært begrenset marked som kan ha relativt store svingninger i etterspørsel fra år til år. Dette gir både agronomiske, økonomiske og markedsmessige utfordringer. Det er mulig å øke tilbudet av norsk formeringsmateriale av arter som allerede tilbys. I tillegg er det også mulig å tilby enkelte andre engfrøarter økologisk produsert. Det kan være behov for FoU for å løse agronomiske utfordringer for å få til en mer omfattende norsk produksjon. Importbehovet kan bli vanskelig å dekke med et økende marked i EU-landene på grunn av ny EU-forordning og mål om økt andel økologisk areal i EU. Utenlandsk sortsmateriale kan være mindre egnet til ulike norske vekstforhold. Import krever også et strengt plantesanitært regelverk. En kort oversikt over noen av sidene ved situasjonen for økologisk formeringsmateriale i Europa er omtalt i rapporten. Andel økologisk formeringsmateriale i økologisk dyrking varierer fra land til land, det samme gjør andelen dispensasjoner. Nasjonalt arbeides det også med foredling og produksjon av formeringsmateriale i mindre skala, mye av dette foregår innenfor rammene for økologisk landbruk. Bakgrunnen for dette er blant annet ønske om å bevare og bruke gamle sorter og arter, størst mulig genetisk mangfold,vektlegging av andre egenskaper ved formeringsmaterialet osv. Viktige stikkord her er bla. bruk av lokale sorter, heterogent formeringsmateriale, landsorter og åpenpollinerte sorter framfor hybridsorter. I denne rapporten omtales noe av denne aktiviteten. Rapporten avsluttes med en kort oppsummering av situasjonen for økologisk formeringsmateriale nå og i tida framover i Norge, og en liste med forslag til strategier og tiltak til en nasjonal plan for å nå målet.
Forfattere
Annika Pieterse Ben Rowson Louwrens Tiedt Antoinette P. Malan Solveig Haukeland Jenna L. RossSammendrag
A new species of Phasmarhabditis was isolated from the slug, Polytoxon robustum, from Nairobi, Kenya. The nematode was identified using morphological, morphometric, molecular and phylogenetic analyses. Phasmarhabditis kenyaensis n. sp. is characterised by an infective juvenile with the longest body length in the genus, measuring 1232 (1107-1336) μm, by the presence of males with a bursa bearing nine bilateral pairs of genital bursal papillae and one pair of papilliform phasmids flanking the tail, cephalate paired spicules, with an arc length of 71 (57-81) μm, as well as by females with a vulva located at the mid-body region and a conoid tail shape, with two phasmids located at ca 40% of the tail length. The molecular phylogeny of the new species, as inferred from its SSU (small subunit) rRNA gene, places P. kenyaensis n. sp. genetically close to undescribed phasmarhabditids from South Africa, suggesting an African grouping, while the D2-D3 (large ribosomal subunit) and ITS region analyses relate P. kenyaensis n. sp. to P. meridionalis, with weak bootstrap support. This is the third new Phasmarhabditis species described from the African continent, the new species bringing the total known complement of the genus to 14 species. A morphometric compendium to all species cultured in vivo is supplied.
Sammendrag
Macrocystis pyrifera is a major habitat forming kelp in coastal ecosystems of temperate regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. We investigated the seasonal occurrence of adult sporophytes, morphological characteristics, and reproductive phenology at two sites within a wave-protected harbour and two wave-exposed sites in southern New Zealand every 3–4 months between 2012 and 2013. Seasonality in reproduction was assessed via the number of sporophylls, the occurrence of sori on sporophylls, and non-sporophyllous laminae (fertile pneumatocyst-bearing blades and fertile apical scimitars), meiospore release, and germination. We found that M. pyrifera was present and reproductive year-round in three of the four sites, and patterns were similar for the wave-exposure conditions. Sori were found on pneumatocyst-bearing blades and apical scimitars in addition to the sporophylls, and viable meiospores were released from all three types of laminae. Morphological variations between sites with different wave exposure indicate that sporophytes from wave-protected sites have bigger blades and holdfasts and are longer than those from wave-exposed sites. We discuss the implications of these biological variables for the ecology of M. pyrifera inhabiting different wave exposure environments in southern New Zealand.
Sammendrag
Til tross for betydelig bedring siden 1970- og 80-tallet, er økologisk tilstand mht. eutrofiering fortsatt klassifisert som moderat i nedre deler av flere av Mjøsas tilløpselver samtidig som Mjøsa de fleste årene har god økologisk tilstand. De siste årene har tilstanden imidlertid nærmet seg grensen til moderat i deler av Mjøsa, og vært moderat i Furnesfjorden. En oppblomstring av blågrønnalger i 2019 kan tyde på forverring av tilstanden. Fosfortilførsler er den vesentligste årsaken til eutrofiering. I de ni nedbørfeltene som er sammenstilt her, har det vært en økning i husdyrtallene over de siste 20 årene med tilsvarende økning i spredning av fosfor med husdyrgjødsel i jordbruket. Fosforinnholdet i jordbruksjorda har økt i samme periode. Det fører til økt risiko for fosfor-avrenning. Samtidig er det betydelige tilførsler av fosfor med høy biotilgjengelighet fra spredte avløpsanlegg. Med klimaendringer som fører til økt avrenning er det en risiko for at fosfortilførslene kan øke og overskride grensen for den belastningen innsjøen tåler. Dersom det ikke settes inn tiltak kan tilstanden i innsjøen forverres. Tiltakene omfatter opprydding i avløpsløsninger, redusert tilførsel av fosfor til jordbruksarealene blant annet ved bruk av fosforfri mineralgjødsel sammen med utnyttelse av alt spredeareal, og overvintring i stubb med grasdekte vannveier og kantsoner på kornarealene. Etablering av fangdammer vil også bidra til å redusere fosfortilførslene til Mjøsa.