Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
1999
Sammendrag
Within the framework of the Programme for Terrestrial Monitoring (TOV), soil water has been collected from four monitoring plots in 1998 (Fig. 1). Three of the plots are located in birch forest, and one (Solhomfjell) is located in spruce forest. Height above sea level, annual precipitation and growing season temperature show significant variation between plots. Bilberry or bilberry-crowberry are the main vegetation types.Results from 1998 are reported and compared with results from preceeding years. On all plots soil water has been sampled from three soil depths (except Gutulia); the organic layer, the upper and the lower part of the mineral soil (5, 15 and 40 cm soil depth, respectively).The chemical composition of the soil water depends largely on the chemistry of the soil and the amount and quality of the precipitation. The soil chemistry in humic layer and from 5-15 cm depth in the mineral soil is shown in Table 1 and 2, respectively. The concentrations of some of the main elements in soil water from 1998 are shown in Table 3.The pH in soil water increases usually with soil depth. The annual variations in pH from 1991 to 1998, are shown in Figure 2. In Lund there has been a slight decrease in pH in these years, although continous measurements are lacking at 5 cm. Figure 2 also show the same tendencies for Ca2 as for pH in Lund.There is greater annual variation in concentrations of Ca2 and other element in the humic layer than mineral layers. Also other nutrients, such as Mg2 and K, were found with the highest concentrations in the organic soil layer and decreased with increasing soil depth.The concentrations of SO42- were in 1998 below 1 mg/l and only with a few exceptions larger than 1 from 1991 to 1998 (Fig.3). SO42- generally show a decreasing trend in that period. Total Al were lower than 1.0 mg/l for most of the samples. The amount of inorganic Al, which is known to be toxic for plant roots at certain concentrations was first time measuered on the plots in 1998. However, the values were small, well below 1.0 mg/l.That were simular to results from The Forest Monitoring Programme in Norway (OPS) which shows that the concentration of inorganic Al varies between plots and soil depths. Here, however, at some plots there were concentrations of inorganic Al up to 2.0-3.4 mg/l. Results from experiments with Norway spruce seedlings (Picea abies) in nutrient solution show slight decline of the roots at concentrations of unorganic Al at 2.0 mg/l (Eldhuset pers. comm.). This may suggest that even if the concentration of unorganic Al at the TOV-plots were below 1.0 mg/l, there could be periods with higher concentrations that could have effected the plant roots.The concentration of Cl- varied greatly between the plots (Fig. 3), due to the deposition of sea salts. The plot in Gutulia had minimal variation between years and Cl- concentrations were always below 1.0 mg/l. In contrast, the plot in Lund had both the highest concentrations of Cl- and the highest seasonal and annual variation. The between layer differences were usually small each year.Analyses of precipitation show that Lund has the highest supply of acidity, Mg2, SO42-, Na and Cl- of all plots (Trseth og Man 1997). Even if the supply of N also is highest in Lund, soil water from all plots has shown low amounts of N (mostly at detection levels for NH4 and NO3, Table 3) throughout the monitoring period. This may be explained by the low content of plant available nitrogen in Norwegian soils, and plant uptake would minimize any leaching.At present these results give no indication of forest decline in Lund despite decreasing pH and concentration of Ca2 in the soil water. At present it is not possible to confirm that the changes observed in pH and Ca2 are caused by long range air pollution. They may also be due to natural variations in the chemical composition of soil water. It is recommended to continue the soil water monitoring.
Sammendrag
Studies were undertaken in forest ecosystems of the northwestern Kola Peninsula, Russia and South-Varanger, Norway in the zone affected by the Pechenganikel smelter. The soils consist mainly of shallow sandy iron-humus-illuvial and iron-illuvial podzols on highly bouldery unsorted morainic deposits of course texture, fluvioglacial sands and bedrocks.Plant specimens were collected from 16 plots located at different distances from the source of emissions: Pinus sylvestris needles, bark and wood, dwarf shrub (Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea ) leaves, wavy-hair grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), green mosses (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) and lichens (Cladina rangifirina [Cladonia rangiferina], and Cladina stellaris [Physcia stellaris]) were collected at the end of the growing season.Results showed that the elemental composition of the dominants of the tree, grass-shrub, and moss layers was affected by the sulfur and heavy metals from the source of pollution. The content of nickel and copper in pine needles near the smelter exceeded control levels by an order of magnitude and the content of sulfur exceeded it twofold, reaching toxic levels.In addition to the direct input of pollutants from the atmosphere, soil contamination by nickel and copper within a 30 km radius of the smelter will have adverse effects on mineral nutrition of plants.It is concluded that the disturbance of biological cycles because of the active involvement of pollutants and the decreased availability of nutrients results in retardation of plant growth, a reduction in forest biomass and alterations in plant succession and species composition that leads to simplification and death of forest ecosystems.
Forfattere
Bo Eide Kåre Olav Venn Halvor SolheimSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Galina N. Koptsik Sergey V. Koptsik Kåre Olav Venn Dan Aamlid Lars Strand M.A. ZhuravlevaSammendrag
The complex character of variations in acidity and cation exchange properties of forest podzols under the impact of atmospheric emissions from Pechenganikel plant in the Kola Peninsula was revealed using correlation and regression analyses. The high level of acidity and the depletion of upper horizons in exchangeable bases attest for the anthropogenic acidification of podzols in the affected zone of the plant.
Forfattere
Svein Solberg Knut Breivik Nicholas Clarke Tone Groeggen Ingvald Røsberg Kjetil Tørseth Dan Aamlid Wenche AasSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
The area along the Norwegian-Russian border is threatened by air pollution from emission sources on the Kola Peninsula. A permanent network of 78 systematically chosen monitoring sites has been established in eastern Finnmark, Norway. Species abundance data from the ground vegetation have been recorded from 1320 systematically chosen permanent plots inside 66 of these sites, using frequency in subplots and visual estimates of percentage cover. Environmental variables were obtained for the whole site. Multivariate data analysis has been used to describe the variation in the species composition and to study its relation to environmental variables and pollution impact. The analyses show that much of the variation in the species composition, based on average species abundance at the sites, is well explained by different soil and climatic conditions. However, estimated SO2 deposition, Ni, and Cu in the soil, and Ni in Cladina tissue have also been found to be statistically significantly correlated with the variation in the species data, but they explain only a minor part of the variation. The pollution impact over several years may have lead to a reduced lichen cover in the bottom-layer vegetation. Further development in an either negative or positive direction can be detected by re-investigations of the monitoring sites.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Del av bok/rapport – Damaging agents in European forest nurseries. Practical handbook
Isabella Børja
Forfattere
Isabella BørjaSammendrag
Practical handbook for identification of diseases and disorders in european forest nurseries. Many colour photos and illustrations.
Sammendrag
The Norwegian Monitoring Programme for Forest Damage has now been running for more than 10 years. Its main objective has been to monitor forest condition in relation to air pollution. Surveys of forests are performed on plots in a nation-wide representative grid network (Level 1 in the UN/ECE ICP Forests system), in a network of local county-wise plots, and in a network of intensively monitored plots (Level 2 in the UN/ECE ICP Forests system). Vitality indicators have shown a declining trend as reported earlier, expressed as reduced crown density and more of discoloured trees, particularly in spruce forests. However, results from last year have shown a slight improvement in tree crown condition. Tree mortality in excess of normal is not recorded. Forest condition generally depends upon soil, tree age, climate, pests and diseases, and other natural impact. The observed decreased crown density since 1989 is likely caused by a harsh climate, poor soil conditions and forest diseases. Air pollution loads, add to and interact with these factors. Most likely initiating factors are needed to produce visual symptoms. Summer drought is possibly such a factor of relevance to Norway. The actual effect of the air pollution component is therefore difficult to estimate; however, its importance is not excluded. In future, possible effects of a changed global climate should also be considered. Considering these results it is reasonable to presume that most Norwegian forest ecosystems generally are still in a satisfactory condition.