Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
1995
Forfattere
Dan AamlidSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Dan AamlidSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det norske Overvåkingsprogram for skogskader har vært i drift i 10 år. Formålet har generelt vært å overvåke skogtilstanden i relasjon til luftforurensninger. Registreringer av skogtilstanden er gjort i et landsrepresentativt flatenett, et nett av fylkesvise lokale flater og et nett av intensive forskningsflater. Resultater fremkommet siden 1992 rapporteres og sammenholdes tildels med resultater fra tidligere år. Vitaliteten beskrevet ved utvalgte kriterier har fortsatt vist en nedadgående tendens, med fortsatt redusert kronetetthet og flere misfargete trær, særlig for granskogen. De norske resultatene samsvarer med en generell utvikling ellers i Europa, og ligger stort sett nær de tilsvarende for de øvrige nordiske land. Tilveksten har økt i de senere år, men ikke i alle landsdeler. Det er ikke registrert noen unormal avdøing av trær i de norske skogene. Alle forhold tatt i betraktning synes det rimelig å anta at de fleste norske skogøkosystemene generelt har en relativt god status. Det er imidlertid områder i den sørøstlige del av landet som viser indikasjoner på en noe dårligere tilstand enn andre steder, og samtidig viser tildels negative endringer over siste femårsperiode. Dette er områder med høy belastning av luftforurensninger og lav naturlig tåleevne mot forsuring. Skogens helsetilstand avhenger i stor grad av jordsmonn, trealder, klima, skadegjørere og andre naturlige stressfaktorer. Tilførsler av luftforurensninger vil komme i tillegg til, og i samspill med disse faktorene. Trolig må det bestemte utløsende faktorer til, for at synlige ytringer skal bli dannet. Forurensningenes virkelige bidrag er derfor ytterst vanskelig å fastslå, men det betyr på ingen måte at deres betydning må nedvurderes.
Sammendrag
Roots of Picea abies seedlings were inoculated with pathogenic Pythium dimorphum. The ongoing lignification process, the accumulation of lignin, and the distribution of flavanols and condensed tannins (CT), were related to the concurrent visual disease symptoms, hyphal colonization, and cellular changes. The hyphae ramified in both the cortex and the stele within 24 h. Three days after inoculation the concentration of lignin had increased to a level twice that in noninfected tissues. With histochemical staining, the accumulation of lignin and the ongoing lignification were co-located in the inner cortex layer 4-6 days after infection. Comparison of temporal onset of lignification with the timing of the intruding hyphae shows that this defense response occurs too late to effectively prevent the pathogen from spreading. Flavanols and CT were also detected in both infected and noninfected roots.Increased staining of these compounds in infected roots was often detected in the inner cortex. Electron microscopic studies revealed that at least some of these phenolic compounds were localized either as spherules or as a layer appressed to the tonoplast of the central vacuole.
Forfattere
Isabella BørjaSammendrag
Root dieback is a disease affecting seedlings during their first or second growing seasons. It is caused by pathogenic fungi in the rhizosphere in combination with environmental factors that stress the plants. In this thesis the process of root dieback was studied at several levels.The pathogenesis in primary roots of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.)Karst., challenged with the pathogenic fungus, Pythium dimorphum Hendrix Campbell, was chosen as a model system to study disease development in nurseries, infection process, and host defenee mechanisms.The development of visual disease symptoms was assessed in three different nurseries, where Norway spruce seedlings were inoculatcd with uniform inoculum of either P. dimorphum or Rhizoctonia sp. Among factors tested (irrigation, media, fungicide, inoculated fungi) only the fungal inoculum had significant effeet on viability of seedlings. Application of benomyl fungicide supressed Rhizoctonia spp. but clearly promoted Pythiaeeous fungi.Hyphae of P. dimorphum penetrated the juvenile roots of Norway spruce rapidly and colonized the whole root tissue within 24 hours. Three days after infection, lignin, measured quantitatively as ligninthioglycolic acid, in infected tissues was double the arnount in non-infected tissues. Flavanols and condensed tannins were constitutively present in both infected and non-infected tissues.More than 30 different pathogenesis-rclated (PR) proteins accumulated in root tissues within two days after inoculation. Ten different proteins revealed chitinase activity, three had chitosanase activity and two 6-1,3-glucanase activity. Two of the chitinases were constitutively present, in addition to eight others that only accumulated after infection. Infection-induced chitinases were detectable already the first day after inoculation.Activity of three chitosanases was detected solely in infected roots, from the second day after inoculation. Two 6-1,3-g1ucanases, accurnulated from second and fourth days after inoculati on, respectively.The hypothesis, that proteins (including PR proteins) in Norway spruce are normally complexed with polyphenols and become released upon fungal infection, was forrnulated. It was tested by adding in the extraction buffer of non-infected roots either non-ionic detergent (Triton X-IDO), known to break the non-covalent association of polyphenol-protein complex, or caffeinc, known to release proteins bound in complex with polyphenols by competitively binding to polyphenols.In both cases the amount of released proteins was similar to the amount of PR-proteins accumulated after inoculation with the pathogenic P.dimorphum, thus strongly supporting our hypothesis.We report here on this novel mechanism, detected in roots of a gymnosperm, Norway spruce, and suggest that this can be a strategy in polyphenol-rich species, where this immediate mechanisrn rnay be involved in the first-row defence response.
Forfattere
Bjørn ØklandSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Bjørn ØklandSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Bjørn ØklandSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Bjørn ØklandSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Bjørn ØklandSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag