Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2006
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
In the Nordic countries several composting plants for source separated organic household waste (SSOW) have experiences problems with establishment of high-rate respiration processes. The problems with start-up of the high-rate composting phase can be related to sensitivity of the thermophilic microflora to low pH in the composting material. Low pH is caused by high content of organic acids produced by fermenting microorganisms in the waste. In our studies we investigated the effect of different ratio of SSOW mixed with bulking agent in the development of short organic acid content and the shift from a fermentative to aerobic bacteria population during composting.
Sammendrag
In the Nordic countries several composting plants for source separated organic household waste (SSOW) experience problems with slow degradation of organic matter and stagnation of temperature around 45-50ºC in early phases of the composting process. The process problems have been connected to high content of organic acids and domination of fermenting organisms in the waste. To break the domination of fermenting organisms, measures must be taken to develop an aerob, thermophilic bacteria population. We have studied how lime addition and adjustment of the SSOW:bulking agent (BA)-ratio influence the development of thermophilic conditions and high-rate respiration in SSOW-based composting.
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
Content of 18O, 2H, 3H and geochemical components in rainfall, stream water, peat water and bedrock groundwater in four headwater catchments were compared to reveal differences in sources of runoff and hydrological vulnerability to tunnel drainage during summer. Water previously stored within the catchments was the predominant component of streamflow during small and moderate events. The proportion of event water increased at high discharge in autumn. Neither the isotopic nor the hydrochemical composition of stream water indicated any considerable contribution from old bedrock groundwater. Stream water hydrochemistry revealed clear influence of soil water pathways. The differences in land cover could be seen in water quality and runoff generation. Water storage and mixing in lakes and lowland wetlands reduced fluctuations in runoff and water quality. Runoff retention and the solute trapping effect in peatlands were most efficient in flat areas near the catchment outlet. In lowflow periods fluxes from hillslopes were of minor importance compared to discharges from wetland water storage. Water delivery from hillslopes with thin till cover (
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
SFT bevilget i 2006 midler til Bioforsk Jord og miljø til arbeidet med binding, mobilisering og transport av TBT. Rapporten beskriver resultater fra adsorpsjons- og desorpsjonsforsøk som er gjennomført i laboratoriet og resultater fra modellering av TBT transport fra forurensede sedimenter i sjønære deponier. Adsorpsjonen av TBT til sand, jord og sedimenter er generelt høyest mellom pH 6 og 7. For materialer som inneholder leire og TOC er det en tendens til at bindingen av TBT reduseres med økende salinitet, mens sandige materialer med lav TOC har en tendens til sterkere binding med økende salinitet. I kolonneforsøk (utvaskingsforsøk) med forurensede sedimenter mobiliseres mer TBT, DBT (dibutyltinn) og (MBT) monobutyltinn ved eluering med ferskvann enn med brakk- og saltvann. Simuleringene av transport av TBT fra forurensede sedimenter er gjort ved bruk av Comsol Multiphysiscs. Simuleringene viser at det vil ta lang tid (> 10.000 år) før saltet i et deponi bestående av marine sedimenter er lekket ut noe som medfører lav utlekking av TBT. Nedbrytningen av TBT vil ha større betydning enn utlekking for spredning av TBT fra sedimenter som deponeres i sjønære deponier.
Sammendrag
The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and other gases were measured in the emissions from solid waste degradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions during laboratory and field investigations. The emissions were measured as room temperature headspace gas concentrations in reactors of 1, 30, and 150 L, as well as sucked gas concentrations from windrow composting piles and a biocell, under field conditions. The aerobic composting laboratory experiments consisted of treatments with and without lime. The CO concentrations measured during anaerobic conditions varied from 0 to 3000 ppm, the average being 23 ppm, increasing to 133 ppm when methane (CH4) concentrations were low. The mean/maximum CO concentrations during the aerobic degradation in the 2-L reactor were 101/194 ppm without lime, 486/2022 ppm with lime, and 275/980 ppm in the 150-L reactors. The presence of CO during the aerobic composting followed a rapid decline in O2 concentrations Significantly higher CO concentrations were obtained when the aerobic degradation was amended with lime, probably because of a more extreme depletion of oxygen. The mean/maximum CO concentrations under field conditions during aerobic composting were 95/1000 ppm. The CO concentrations from the anaerobic biocell varied from 20 to 160 ppm. The hydrogen sulfide concentrations reached almost 1200 ppm during the anaerobic degradation and 67 ppm during the composting experiments. There is a positive correlation between the CO and hydrogen sulfide concentrations measured during the anaerobic degradation experiments.
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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